SOCIAL%20CLASS%20AND%20MENTAL%20ILLNESS

1
ETHNICITY AND MENTAL ILLNESS
2
ETHNICITY AND M.I.

• 1. RATES
• 2. EXPRESSIONS
• 3. RESPONSES

3
FAMILY SUPPORT

• MANY ETHNIC GROUPS, ESPECIALLY NEW IMMIGRANTS
• GREATER SENSE OF FAMILY OBLIGATION
• LESS ADEQUATE PROFESSIONAL TREATMENT

4
SUMMARY

• MUCH CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION FOR MOST M.I.
• FEW CONCLUSIONS FOR RATES IN US
• ETHNIC CULTURES AFFECT WAY PEOPLE EXPRESS
  DISORDERS
• ETHNIC CULTURES AFFECT DEFINITIONS, FAMILY
  RESPONSE, AND PROFESSIONAL HELP-SEEKING

5
IMPLICATIONS

• PROFESSIONALS SHOULD BE CULTURALLY SENSITIVE
• ETHNIC-SENSITIVE PROGRAMS TEND TO WORK BETTER
• PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT NOW WITH HIGH RATES OF
  IMMIGRATION

6
GENDER AND MENTAL ILLNESS
7
RECENT CHANGES

• MAJOR TOPIC OVER LAST 15 YEARS
• VAST CHANGE IN SOCIAL ROLES
• 2/3 OF MARRIED WOMEN WORK
• 60 OF WOMEN WITH SMALL CHILDREN WORK (19 IN
  1960)
• 7 OF TOTAL HOUSEHOLDS HAVE WORKING FATHER AND
  HOUSEWIVE

8
QUESTIONS

• HOW ARE THESE SOCIAL CHANGES RELATED TO MENTAL
  HEALTH?
• DO WOMEN OR MEN HAVE MORE MENTAL ILLNESS?
• DO MEN AND WOMEN HAVE DIFFERENT TYPES OF M.I.?
• HOW IS GENDER RELATED TO THE TREATMENT OF MENTAL
  ILLNESS?

9
GENDER

• BOTH BIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY FOCUS ON GENDER AS
  CONSTANT PROPERTY OF INDIVIDUALS
• BIOLOGY - PHYSIOLOGY, HORMONES, REPRODUCTION,
  ETC.
• PSYCHOLOGY - DIFFERENCES IN PSYCHOLOGICAL
  ORIENTATIONS

10
SOCIOLOGICAL

• DISTRESS ARISES OUT OF ROLES NOT PSYCHOLOGY OR
  BIOLOGY
• POWER, RESOURCES, AUTONOMY ASSOCIATED WITH MALE
  ROLES
• OPPOSITE WITH FEMALE ROLES

11
SOCIAL ROLES

• WOMEN IN TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLES HAVE LESS
  DISTRESS
• MEN IN TRADITIONALLY FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE
  DISTRESS
• MEN AND WOMEN IN SAME ROLES WILL HAVE SAME
  DISTRESS

12
CULTURAL EXPECTATIONS

• NOT JUST ROLES BUT EXPECTATIONS OF MEN AND WOMEN
  IN ROLES
• E.G. JOBS, CHORES, CAREGIVING
• UNEMPLOYED MAN VS. HOUSEWIFE
• POWERFUL MAN VS. WOMAN
• DISTRESS FROM COMBINATION OF ROLES EXPECTATIONS

13
SOCIAL ROLES (GOVE)

• RATES OF M.I. HISTORICALLY SPECIFIC NOT UNIVERSAL
  - CHANGE OVER TIME AS ROLES CHANGE
• BEFORE WWII - WOMENS ROLES VALUED
• RELATIVELY EQUAL RATES OF M.I.
• AFTER WWII - HOUSEWIVE ROLE

14
AFTER WWII

• WOMENS ROLES MORE STRESSFUL THAN MENS
• HOUSEWIVE ROLE IS FRUSTRATING, UNDEMANDING,
  UNREWARDED
• WORKING WOMEN FACE ROLE OVERLOAD AND
  DISCRIMINATION
• UNCLEAR EXPECTATIONS

15
PREDICTIONS

• MARRIED WOMEN HAVE MORE DISTRESS THAN MARRIED MEN
• SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL

16
MARRIAGE AND DISTRESS

• SINGLE MEN AND WOMEN EQUAL
• MARRIED MEN lt MARRIED WOMEN
• IMPORTANCE OF ROLES

17
DISTRESS, WORK AND MARRIAGE

• HOUSEWIVES gt DISTRESS THAN WORKING WOMEN
• WORKING WOMEN gt WORKING MEN
• ROLE OVERLOAD
• UNEMPLOYED MEN WORST

18
ROLES ARE IMPORTANT

• SAME ROLES, SAME DISTRESS - E.G. SINGLE PEOPLE
• MALE ROLES HAVE LESS DISTRESS - EMPLOYMENT,
  RESOURCES, LESS OVERLOAD
• FEMALE ROLES HAVE MORE DISTRESS - NO JOBS, LOWER
  EARNINGS, MORE OVERLOAD

19
CHANGES OVER TIME

• 1960S - HUSBANDS WITH WORKING WIVES HAVE MORE
  DISTRESS
• NO LONGER TRUE
• 1990S - HUSBANDS WITH WIVES EARNING MORE THAN
  THEY DO HAVE MORE DISTRESS (NOW TRUE IN 1/3 OF
  FAMILIES)

20
CHANGES OVER TIME

• RATES GOING UP
• WOMEN gt MEN
• DIFFERENCES SMALLER NOW
• BECAUSE MEN RISING MORE RAPIDLY

21
LIMITS OF SOCIAL ROLE THEORY

• VERY OVERSIMPLIFIED
• HARD TO EXPLAIN MENS DISTRESS
• STUDIES BIASED BECAUSE ONLY USE FEMALE TYPES OF
  MENTAL ILLNESS USUALLY DISTRESS/DEPRESSION