What Do All Cells Have in Common?

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What Do All Cells Have in Common?

• An outer membrane (the plasma membrane)
• Genetic material (DNA)
• Something to build proteins (ribosomes)

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Cell Types

• Cells can be categorized into one of the
  following two groups
• PROKARYOTIC
• EUKARYOTIC

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Prokaryotes

• Literally means NO nucleus
• Earliest fossils are prokaryotes
• Have DNA (but not organized into a nucleus)
• Have ribosomes (to build proteins)
• Are simple cells
• Have no membrane bound organelles
• Include the bacteria and archaea

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Prokaryote
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EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• Contain a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
• Includes us, plants, fungi, protists

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Typical Structures of a Eukaryotic Cell
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Structures can be placed into functional groups

• Manufacturing
• Breakdown of molecules
• Energy processing
• Support and movement

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Manufacturing

• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Rough ER
• Smooth ER
• Golgi apparatus

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Nucleus
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Do you see them???
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Structure of the Nucleus

• Surrounded by double membrane
• Membrane contains pores
• Regulates what goes in and leaves the nucleus
• Inside is the cells DNA and nucleolus
• DNA within the nucleus is thin and loosely coiled
  (called chromatin)

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Function of the Nucleus

• Controls the activities of the cell

How does it do this??????????
Decides what genes are going to be used
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nucleolus
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Structure

• Small dark body inside the nucleus
• Cells may have one or more of these

Function

• Produces ribosomes

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Ribosomes
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Structure

• Small organelles
• Some are free floating in the cytoplasm
• Some are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

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Function

• Make proteins (proteins do most of the work of
  the cell)
• Remember this is how genes actually control the
  cell

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Endoplasmic reticulum
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Structure

• Membrane surrounded tubes and sacs
• Some parts have ribosomes attached
• Called rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Some have no ribosomes
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Function

• RER
• Makes membranes
• membrane proteins
• proteins that will be secreted
• SER
• Make lipids (phospholipids, steroids)
• detoxifies poisons
• Storage of Calcium ions in muscle cells

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Golgi complex
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Function

• Package and modify molecules
• Package vesicles that leave the cell
• Package digestive enzymes of lysosomes

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Structure

• Membrane sacs that are stacked on top of one
  another
• Often have vesicles (bubbles) coming off them

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Breakdown of Molecules

• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Peroxisomes

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Lysosomes

• Structure
• Vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes

• Function
• Digests materials INSIDE the cell
• Destroy foreign materials brought into the cell
• Destroy worn/damaged organelles
• Recycle organelles

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Vacuole

• CENTRAL VACUOLE
• Found in plants
• Performs hydrolytic functions
• Large, centrally located, stores a variety of
  materials

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Food Vacuole
Certain Single celled organisms eat by a process
called PHAGOCYTOSIS Engulfed food forms a food
vacuole Food vacuole will fuse with lysosome and
food is digested
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In this animation, the purple rod is a bacterium
and the tan colored area is the cytoplasm of the
white blood cell
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Energy Processing

• Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria

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chloroplasts
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Structure

• Double membrane
• Stacks of membrane on the inside

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Function

• Photosynthesis

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Mitochondria
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Mitochondria Structure

• Oval or bean shaped
• Double membrane
• Outer is smooth
• Inner is convoluted

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Function

• To convert food into a usable form for the cell
• Takes sugars (or fats or proteins) and converts
  them to ATP

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Endosymbiotic theory
Evidence?
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Structure and Movement

• Cell walls
• cytoskeleton

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Plant Cell Wall
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Structure

• Made of cellulose
• Is outside of the cell membrane
• Is rigid
• Does not move when the cell swells or shrinks

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Function

• Give support to plant
• Protect plant

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Cytoskeleton
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Cytoskeleton structure

• Network of proteins (microtubules
  microfilaments)

Function

• Support and movement

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Cilia flagella

• Structure
• Tubes of microtubules

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Centrioles

• Found only in animal cells

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Structure

• Pair of ring shaped structures made of
  microtubules
• Found outside the nucleus

Function

• Help in cell division

Cell structure animation links
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Endomembrane System

• System of organelles that are either directly
  linked by their membranes or can exchange
  membranes
• Nucleus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi
• Vesicles
• Lysosomes
• Plasma membrane

Animation link
E-life link
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Exocytosis

• Exocytosis is the process of secreting substances
  from the cell by packaging them in vesicles which
  move to the cell membrane and fuse (which
  releases the contents of the vesicle OUTside the
  cell

Inside cell outside cell
The blue dots could be molecules like amylase or
insulin that is secreted into the mouth or blood
respectively