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Title: Organic Pest Management


1
Organic Pest Management
  • Debbie Roos
  • North Carolina Cooperative Extension

2
Outline
  • Organic Pest Management Philosophy
  • Insect Management
  • Gallery of Beneficial Insects
  • Gallery of Pest Insects
  • Pest Management Resources

3
Organic Pest Management Philosophy
4
Appropriate Technology
Organic?
Conventional?
5
Organic Pest Management Approach
  • pests are indicators of how far a production
    system has strayed from the natural ecosystems it
    should imitate
  • insect pests are attracted to a plant that is
    weak or inferior
  • in a well-balanced system, massive pest outbreaks
    are rare due to the presence of natural
    predators, parasites, and disease agents

6
Organic Pest Management Approach
  • prophylactic, holistic approach vs. remedial
    approach
  • not just treating symptoms
  • pest problem usually indicates sub-optimal
    growing conditions and imbalance
  • emphasis on biodiversity and optimal cultural
    practices

7
Organic Pest Management Example
  • Conventional approach spray insecticide to
    control caterpillars, which often results in a
    secondary outbreak of aphids or spider mites
    because beneficial insects such as lady beetles
    and other predators are also killed
  • Organic approach enhance habitat for beneficial
    insects to increase population, reduce stress on
    crop plant, use adapted varieties, and use
    non-chemical methods to control pests (Bt,
    hand-picking, row covers, alternating planting
    dates, traps, etc.)

8
Cultural Controls
9
Cultural Controls
  • Resistant cultivars
  • Crop rotation
  • Companion planting
  • Timing of planting
  • Sanitation
  • Soil Management
  • Mulches
  • Composting
  • Tillage
  • Flaming
  • Trap crops

10
Resistant Cultivars
  • Some varieties may be less attractive to pest
    species or tolerate more damage than others
  • Plant size, shape, coloration, leaf hair, cuticle
    thickness, and natural chemicals (attractants and
    repellents) can all affect pest susceptibility

11
Resistant Cultivars
  • Morphological characteristics include those plant
    structures that interfere with insect movement,
    feeding, or reproduction associated with that
    plant
  • Examples include color, thickness of the cell
    walls and plant tissue, surface wax, spines and
    trichomes

12
Resistant Cultivars
  • Physiological defenses include plant-produced
    compounds that deter certain pests e.g.,
    pyrethrum, is derived from the blooms of an
    African chrysanthemum
  • Some plants have specific color-related
    resistance
  • Most insects are attracted to leaves in the
    yellow-green color range. Healthy, dark green
    leaves are less attractive than yellowing plants
    under stress.

13
Crop Rotation
  • insects overwinter in soil and debris, reinfest
    new crop if susceptible and build up populations
  • 3 questions to consider when deciding whether
    crop rotation will help manage a pest
  • How long can the pest persist in the field
    without any host
  • How capable is it of invading from other areas
  • How well does it survive on other hosts when the
    crop is not present
  • plant non-susceptible crop so pests have no food
  • know your botanical families leave as much time
    as possible between related crops

14
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15
Companion Planting
  • attractant crops - small-flowered - carrot
    family, daisy family, mint family - catnip,
    caraway, dill, fennel, hyssop, lemon balm,
    parsley, rosemary, thyme, yarrow, etc.
  • repellent crops - catnip and tansy repel aphids,
    Artemesia repels flea beetles???
  • Lots of recommendations out there with little
    scientific evidence need more study before
    recommending some companion plants increase pest
    populations

16
Timing of Planting
  • keep notes to record pest and disease outbreak
    patterns - the first date you see a problem and
    the coinciding phenological events
  • adjust planting schedule accordingly to avoid
    peak pressure
  • experiment with different planting dates - e.g.,
    to avoid corn earworm or flea beetle or squash
    bug
  • plant crops susceptible to nematodes early or
    late while soil temperatures are cooler

17
Sanitation
  • select healthy plants
  • rogue and prune
  • remove crop debris promptly to reduce
    overwintering sites for pests
  • eliminate alternate hosts, but be careful about
    timing

18
Soil Management
  • Healthy soils high in OM and with a biologically
    diverse food web support plant health and
    nutrition better than soils low in organic matter
    and species diversity. Healthy plants are
    generally less susceptible to pest damage.
  • Approximately 75 of insect pests spend part of
    their life cycle in the soil. Healthy soils
    contain many natural enemies of insect pests,
    including insect predators, pathogenic fungi, and
    insect-parasitic nematodes.

19
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20
Soil Management
  • A soils physical condition its level of
    compaction, water-holding capacity, and drainage
    all affect soil and plant health.
  • The chemical aspects of soils pH, salt content,
    availability of nutrients, etc. can affect crop
    health and pest susceptibility.

21
Strategies for Improving Soil Health
  • Increase soil organic matter
  • Keep soils covered with cover crops and/or crop
    residue to reduce erosion and protect from
    extremes of moisture and temperature
  • Plan tillage operations carefully

22
See Example of Seedcorn Maggotson Growing Small
Farms Website
23
Mulches
  • Plastic mulches that speed early season crop
    growth can enhance plants ability to withstand
    insect feeding
  • Reflective mulches can reduce thrips and aphid
    populations in crops
  • Straw mulch can reduce problems with Colorado
    potato beetle

24
Tillage
  • disrupts life cycle of pests and beneficials
  • can expose pests to predators, the elements
  • till before planting to control weeds that harbor
    armyworms, cutworms, plant bugs, aphids
  • till in the fall to destroy overwintering sites
    for flea beetles, corn borers, squash bugs, etc.
  • balance with need to maintain groundcover

25
Flaming
  • Technique aimed at overwintering Colorado potato
    beetle
  • Propane burners used to quickly pass a flame over
    young potato plants when beetles are on top
  • Does little harm to the crop when the plants are
    less than 4-5 tall

26
Trap Crops
  • A trap crop is a crop that is planted to lure
    insect pests away from the cash crop.
  • Successful use of trap crops can be challenging.
    The trap crop must be more attractive to the pest
    than the cash crop, and care must be given that
    the pests in the trap crop dont later migrate to
    the cash crop. Trap crops are not effective
    against pests that are weak fliers (e.g., aphids)
    or are wind-dispersed (e.g., spider mites).
  • In organic systems with fewer insecticidal
    options, pests are often killed through crop
    destruction. But the timing of crop destruction
    is critical
  • Research on trap crops has revealed mixed results
    for its use as a pest management strategy.
  • Example from NC SARE producer grant in mountains
    trap crops in organic broccoli

27
Trap Crop in Organic Broccoli
28
Physical Controls
29
Physical Controls
  • Manual controls
  • Physical barriers
  • Baits, traps, and lures

30
Manual Controls
  • Hand-picking
  • Mowing
  • Pruning
  • Shaking
  • Water sprays

31
Physical Barriers
  • Bagging fruit
  • Copper strips
  • Crawling pest barriers
  • Cutworm collars
  • Floating row covers
  • Mulches
  • Trenches
  • Trunk bands

32
Baits, Traps, and Lures
  • Bait traps
  • Japanese beetle traps
  • Pheromone traps
  • Slug and snail traps
  • Sticky boards
  • Trap crops
  • Water traps

33
Biological Controls
34
Biological Controls
  • Beneficial animals and insects
  • Beneficial microorganisms - Bt, milky spore,
    Beauveria bassiana (fungus), Nosema (protozoan)

35
Biological Control in Action
  • Augmentation increase population through
    purchase and release
  • Conservation increase existing populations
    through habitat conservation and other means

36
Organic PesticidesRescue Treatments
37
Pesticides in Organic Production
  • When cultural, mechanical, and biological
    strategies are insufficient to prevent or control
    crop pests, weeds, or diseases, a biological or
    botanical substance or a substance included on
    the National List of synthetic substances allowed
    for use in organic crop production may be applied
    to prevent, suppress, or control pests, weeds, or
    diseases
  • The conditions for using the substance must be
    documented in the organic system plan

38
Pesticides in Organic Production
  • If certified organic, must choose pesticide that
    is approved for organic production
  • consult with certifying agency
  • also consult OMRI

39
Botanical Pesticides
  • Plant-derived materials such as neem, pyrethrum,
    rotenone, ryannia, and sabadilla
  • Characteristics of botanical insecticides
  • break down rapidly in the environment
  • some are more toxic than synthetic pesticides
  • broad spectrum
  • must be used carefully
  • only neem and pyrethrum are approved for organic
    production

40
Pyrethrum
  • extracted from a flower in the chrysanthemum
    family
  • a contact poison with quick knock down
  • controls aphids, beetles, caterpillars, thrips,
    mealybugs
  • OMRI-approved products include Pyganic

41
Neem (azadirachtin)
  • extracted from the fruit of a tree grown from
    India to Africa
  • works as a hormone mimic, repellant, stomach
    poison and some fungicidal properties have been
    reported
  • controls a wide variety of insects
  • OMRI-approved formulations include AZA-Direct,
    Agroneem, Neemix

42
Microbial Pesticides
  • Microbials tend to not be as toxic as botanicals
    and are more selective and softer on beneficials
  • Limitations of microbials
  • Slow host death
  • Need favorable environment
  • UV light and temperature affect persistance
  • Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
  • parasitic fungi - e.g., Beauveria bassiana
  • parasitic nematodes e.g., Heterorhabditis
  • Spinosad

43
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
  • contains a toxin made by a soil bacterium
  • has been incorporated into commercial plants to
    make them insecticidal (not allowed in organic
    production)
  • sprayed formulations sensitive to UV light best
    applied late in the day
  • must be ingested to work
  • Several OMRI-approved formulations

44
Parasitic Fungi
  • e.g., Beauveria bassiana
  • The spores of the fungus germinate once they come
    into contact with the insect pest, then the
    fungus must penetrate the cuticle and infect the
    body cavity to kill the pest
  • Effective on many insects including aphids,
    thrips, whiteflies, and grasshoppers
  • Work best when applied at onset of infestation
  • Takes a week or more after application to see
    evidence of control
  • OMRI-approved formulations include Mycotrol,
    Naturalis L

45
Parasitic Nematodes
  • semi-aquatic live and move in soil water
  • sensitive to UV radiation and desiccation
  • Heterorhabditis (Hb) vs. Steinernema (Sc)
    nematodes
  • application - spray or irrigation drip,
    fertigation aerial, watering can application
    should be followed by irrigation dont apply
    during hottest part of day but soils should be
    gt60º

46
Spinosad
  • Derived from a soil-dwelling bacterium
  • Controls beetle larvae, caterpillars, thrips,
    etc.
  • Most effective when ingested rather than as a
    contact insecticide
  • Fast-acting, better than Bt on caterpillars
    supposedly not as soft on beneficials so use in
    targeted areas
  • Entrust - Formulation approved for organic
    production in many vegetables

47
Inorganic Pesticides
  • Diatomaceous earth
  • Kaolin
  • Insecticidal soap
  • Horticultural oil

48
Okay, Now Its Time to Look at Some Insects, so
First, A Little Entomology 101
49
Insect Classification
  • Kingdom - Animalia
  • Phylum - Arthopoda
  • Class - Insecta
  • Order - Coleoptera
  • Family - Coccinellidae
  • Genus - Coleomegilla
  • Species - maculata

50
Some Insect Orders
  • Coleoptera beetles
  • Diptera flies
  • Homoptera aphids, scales, whiteflies
  • Hymenoptera bees, wasps, ants
  • Hemiptera - bugs
  • Lepidoptera butterflies, moths
  • Neuroptera lacewings, antlions
  • Mantodea praying mantis
  • Odonata dragonfly, damselfly
  • Orthoptera crickets, grasshoppers
  • Thysanoptera thrips
  • Isoptera termites
  • Siphonoptera fleas
  • Dermaptera earwigs

51
Structure of a Typical Insect
52
Insect Features
Wings
Antennae
Mouthparts
Legs
Ovipositors
53
Insect Development Metamorphosis
  • Complete
  • Metamorphosis
  • 4 distinct stages egg, larva, pupa, adult
  • Examples beetles, butterflies, flies, wasps,
    lacewings, fleas
  • Incomplete
  • Metamorphosis
  • 3 stages egg, nymph, adult
  • Examples bugs, aphids, thrips, grasshoppers,
    termites, earwigs

54
Gallery of Some Common Beneficial Insects
55
What are Natural Enemies?
  • Organisms that kill, decrease reproductive
    potential, or otherwise reduce the numbers of
    another organism
  • How do they do this? Through predation,
    parasitism, herbivory, competition, antibiosis
    (when organisms secrete substances that inhibit
    vital activities of other organisms)

56
Beneficial Organisms
  • Predators larva or adult hunts, attacks, and
    consumes prey examples include lady beetles,
    lacewings, praying mantids, syrphid flies,
    assassin bugs, minute pirate bugs, spiders, and
    predatory mites
  • Each one eats many insects in its lifetime
  • Not picky eaters

57
Beneficial Organisms
  • Parasitoids immatures develop on or inside a
    host, killing it as they mature they emerge as
    adults and continue the cycle examples include
    parasitic flies and wasps
  • Each one eats only one insect in its lifetime
  • Usually very picky eaters

58
Beneficial Organisms
  • Pathogens colonize and kill host examples
    include nematodes, bacteria, viruses, fungi and
    protozoa
  • Weed Feeders weeds can be attacked by
    arthropods, vertebrates, and pathogens (fungi,
    viruses, bacteria, and nematodes)

59
BeetlesOrder Coleoptera
60
Beetles
  • 1/3 of all animals 40 of all insects are
    beetles
  • Hard opaque wing covers are called elytra
  • Beetles undergo complete metamorphosis
  • Larvae and adults have chewing mouthparts
  • Larvae have well-developed heads and 3 pairs of
    legs

61
Lady BeetlesOrder ColeopteraFamily
Coccinellidae
62
Lady Beetles
  • Larvae and adults eat
    soft-bodied insects such as aphids, mealybugs,
    spider mites, caterpillars, insect eggs
  • Voracious aphid feeders!
  • Two main body types
  • Round (hemispherical)
  • Oval

63
Round Lady Beetles
64
Seven-spotted Lady Beetle
2 white spots on thorax
7 spots in a 1-4-2 pattern
65
Seven-spotted lady beetle lunches at the aphid
café
66
Seven-spotted lady beetle larvae like aphids
too!
Larvae hatching
67
Multicolored Asian Lady Beetle
Black spots form M
larva pupa
68
Oval Lady Beetles
69
Convergent Lady Beetle
Thorax has two converging white lines and a white
margin
larva and eggs
70
Pink Spotted Lady Beetle
71
Plant-feeding Lady Beetles
Squash beetle
Mexican bean beetle
larvae and pupa
parasitized mummy
72
Other Predatory Beetles Order Coleoptera
73
Ground Beetle
Larvae and adults attack aphids, slugs, snails,
cutworms, caterpillars nocturnal foragers
larva feeding on caterpillar
adult
adult feeding on snail
74
Rove Beetle
Adults attack aphids, nematodes, flies some
larvae are parasitic on maggots
short elytra
75
Soldier Beetle
Adults feed on grasshopper eggs, aphids, and
various caterpillars larvae feed on a variety of
insects and snails and slugs
dead fungus-infected soldier beetle
look-alike lightning bug
76
Tiger Beetle
Adults attack many different insects
77
Blister Beetle
Larvae feed on grasshopper eggs, adults feed on
foliage and fruits
striped blister beetle
margined blister beetle
78
True BugsOrder Hemiptera
79
True Bugs
  • Two pairs of wings usually present
  • Forewings modified to hemelytra, hindwings
    entirely membranous
  • Mouthparts enclosed in a piercing-sucking beak
    that curves beneath the body
  • Incomplete metamorphosis egg, nymph, adult
  • Some groups (e.g., stink bugs) have scent glands
    on the sides of thorax
  • Order includes both plant feeders and predators

80
Predatory BugsOrder Hemiptera
81
Minute Pirate Bug
adult feeding on egg
Adults and nymphs attack aphids, mites, thrips,
small caterpillars, and insect eggs
adult feeding on aphid
nymph
82
Bigeyed Bug
adult
Adults and nymphs attack mites, thrips, flea
beetles, small caterpillars, and insect eggs
egg
nymphs
83
Bigeyed Bug Look-Alikes
Boxelder Bug
Bigeyed Bug
Tarnished Plant Bug
Pestsmall head and eyesbright coloration
Pestsmall head and eyesdull coloration
Beneficialwide head, big eyesdull brown or
black
84
Damsel Bug
Adults attack aphids, thrips, leafhoppers, flea
beetles, plant bugs, and small caterpillars
Adult (left) and nymph
85
Assassin Bug
adult
eggs
Adults and nymphs attack many insects, including
flies, tomato hornworms, and other large
caterpillars
nymph
adults attacking caterpillar
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87
Bee Assassin
88
Assassin Bug Look-Alike
Leaf-footed bug
Assassin bug
Pestleaf shape on back legthin, hidden beak
Beneficiallong, thin, unadorned legsshort,
thick, curved beak
89
Assassin Bug Molting
90
Predatory Stink BugsFamily Pentatomidae
91
Spined Soldier Bug
Adults and nymphs attack caterpillars, Colorado
potato beetle larvae, Mexican bean beetle larvae
Podisus adult attacking beetle larva
nymph attacking Colorado potato beetle larva
92
Other Predatory Stink Bugs
Twospotted stink bug (Perillus bioculatus)
Anchor bug (Stiretrus anchorago)
Anchor bug feeding on asparagus beetle larva
nymph
93
Pest and Beneficial Stink Bugs
beak structures of predaceous (left) and
plant-feeding (right) stink bugs
beak structure of brown stink bug and spined
soldier bug
94
LacewingsOrder Neuroptera
95
Green Lacewing
larva feeding on aphids
larva
Larvae attack soft-bodied insects including
aphids, thrips, mealybugs, scales, mites, and
caterpillars
larvae emerging from eggs
stalked eggs
adult
96
Brown Lacewing
larva
adult
egg
pupa
97
Other Predators
98
Parasitic WaspsOrder Hymenoptera
99
Parasitic Wasps
  • Hymenoptera is the second largest group of
    insects
  • Over 16,000 species, most of which are
    beneficial, are found in the U.S. and Canada
  • Many parasitic wasps are so tiny that many new
    species are discovered each year!
  • They range in size from over an inch to almost
    microscopic
  • Parasitic wasps are the most important group of
    natural enemies of pest insects
  • All Hymenoptera undergo complete metamorphosis

100
Parasitic Wasps
  • In parasitic wasps, the larval stage develops in
    and kills a single host insect most adults have
    a very high reproductive capacity, which makes
    them efficient at suppressing pests
  • The behavior of parasitic wasps is quite complex
    many attack only one species of host insect, or
    a narrow range of similar hosts
  • Adult females are very efficient at locating the
    specific hosts
  • Hosts include almost all groups of terrestrial
    insects
  • Depending on the parasite species, virtually any
    host stage can be attacked egg, nymph, larva,
    pupa, adult
  • Most parasitic wasps are incapable of stinging
    humans

101
Braconid Wasps
Parasitize armyworms, cabbageworms, codling
moths, gypsy moths, European corn borers, beetle
larvae, flies, aphids, and other caterpillars and
insects
Braconid parasitizing a corn earworm
mummy of an aphid parasitized by Braconid wasp
Aphidius
Braconid larvae emerging from parasitized moth
larva
Braconid pupae on tomato hornworm
102
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103
Ichneumonid Wasps
Parasitize caterpillars, wasps, and beetle larvae
104
Scelionid Wasps
adult ovipositing in a stink bug egg cluster
Parasitize eggs of
caterpillars and bugs
parasitized stink bug eggs
105
Encyrtid Wasps
Encarsia formosa parasitizes greenhouse whiteflies
Parasitize eggs, larvae, and pupae of aphids,
scale, beetles, caterpillars, and whiteflies
whitefly nymphs (black ones have been parasitized)
106
Encyrtid Wasp (Copidosoma floridanum)
adult parasitizing a cabbage looper egg
Parasitize eggs of
caterpillars polyembryonic
adults emerging from a mummified cabbage looper
host
looper parasitized by Copidosoma curls into
S-shape after spinning its coccoon
107
Trichogramma Wasp
adult parasitizing a moth egg
Parasitize eggs of many pests, especially moths
and butterflies
commercial Trichogramma wasps are shipped as
parasitized moth eggs glued to a card note
emerged adult near pencil point
parasitized eggs are darker
108
Parasitic FliesOrder Diptera
109
Parasitic Flies
  • Flies are second only to the Hymenoptera in their
    importance as parasites
  • An estimated 16,000 species of flies are
    parasitic, about 20 of all known parasitic
    insects
  • Unlike parasitic wasps, most species of flies do
    not have a well-developed ovipositor that can
    insert eggs into their host many parasitic flies
    lay their eggs on plants which are then consumed
    by the host

110
Tachinid Fly
Parasitize cutworms, caterpillars, Japanese
beetle, squash bug, green stink bugs,
grasshoppers, and other pests
adult approaching a beetle larva
eggs deposited on top of Japanese beetle and tent
caterpillar heads
Tachinid larva emerging from caterpillar
adult laying an egg
111
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112
Predatory FliesOrder Diptera
113
Predatory Flies
  • At least 20 fly families have species that are
    predaceous as larvae or adults
  • In species with predaceous larvae, adults lay
    their eggs singly or in scattered groups on
    plants near colonies of mites or aphids

114
Hover Fly
adult
Larvae attack aphids, scales, and other insects
hover fly larvae feeding on aphids
115
Robber Fly
Adults and larvae attack a variety of
soft-bodied insects
adult
Aphid Midge
Larvae attack aphids
midge larva feeding on aphid
116
Long Legged Fly
117
The Fabulous Underworld
of a Tomato Canopy
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PestsSee Photos on GSF Website at
http//chatham.ces.ncsu.edu/growingsmallfarms/i
nsects.html
130
Growing Small Farms Website
  • Organic Pest Management
  • Other Resources

131
Other Resources(see handout)
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