Personality

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Chapter 11

• Personality

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Personality
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• An individuals unique and relatively consistent
  patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

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Personality theory

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• A theory that attempts to describe and explain
  individual similarities and differences

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Psychoanalysis

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• Sigmund Freuds theory of personality, which
  emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior,
  sexual and aggressive instinctual drives, and the
  enduring effects of early childhood experiences
  on later personality development

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Free association

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• A psychoanalytic technique in which the patient
  spontaneously repots all thoughts,feelings, and
  mental images as they come to mind

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Unconscious

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• In Freuds theory, a term used to describe
  thoughts, feelings, wishes, and drives that are
  operating below the level of conscious awareness

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Id

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• In Freuds theory, the completely unconscious,
  irrational component of personality that seeks
  immediate satisfaction or instinctual urges and
  drives ruled by the pleasure principle

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Eros

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• In Freuds theory, the self-preservation or life
  instinct, reflected in the expression of basic
  biological urges that perpetuate the existence of
  the individual and the spices

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Libido

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• In Freuds theory, the psychological and
  emotional energy associated with expressions of
  sexuality.

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Thanatos

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• In Freuds theory, the death instinct, reflected
  in aggressive, destructive, and self-destructive
  actions

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Pleasure Principle

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• In Freuds theory, the motive to obtain pleasure
  and avoid tension or discomfort the most
  fundamental human motive and the guiding
  principle of the id

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Ego

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• In Freuds theory, the partly conscious rational
  component of personality that regulates thoughts
  and behavior and is most in touch with the
  demands of the external world

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Reality Principle

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• In Freuds theory, the awareness of
  environmental demands and the capacity to
  accommodate them by postponing gratification
  until the appropriate time or circumstances exist

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Superego

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• In Freuds theory, the partly conscious,
  self-evaluative, moralistic component of
  personality that is formed through the
  internalization of parental and societal rules

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Ego defense mechanisms

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• in psychoanalytical theory, largely unconscious
  distortions of thoughts or perceptions that act
  to reduce anxiety

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Repression

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• In psychoanalytical theory, the unconscious
  exclusion of anxiety-provoking thoughts,
  feelings, and memories from conscious awareness
  the most fundamental ego defense mechanism

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Displacement

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• In psychoanalytical theory, the ego defense
  mechanism that involves unconsciously shifting
  the target of an emotional urge to a substitute
  target that is less threatening or dangerous

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Sublimation

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• In psychoanalytical theory, an ego defense
  mechanism that involves redirecting sexual urges
  toward productive, socially acceptable, nonsexual
  activities a form of displacement

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Psychosexual stages

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• In Freuds theory, age related developmental
  periods in which the childs sexual urges are
  expressed through different areas of the body and
  those activities associated with those areas

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Oedipus complex

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• In Freuds theory, a childs unconscious desire
  for the opposite-sex parent, usually by hostile
  feelings toward the same-sex parent

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Identification

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• In psychoanalytical theory, an ego defense
  mechanism hat involves reducing anxiety by
  modeling the behavior and characteristics of
  another person

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collective unconscious

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• In Jungs theory, the hypothesized part of the
  unconscious mind that is inherited from previous
  generations and that contains universally shared
  ancestral experiences and ideas.

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Archetype

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• In Jungs theory, the inherited mental images of
  universal human instincts, themes, and
  preoccupations that are the main components of
  the collective unconscious

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Humanistic Psychology

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• The theoretical viewpoint on personality that
  generally emphasizes the inherent goodness of
  people, human potential, self-actualization, the
  self-concept, and healthy personality development

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Actualizing tendency

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• In Rogers theory, the innate drive to maintain
  and enhance the human organism

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Self-concept

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• The set of perceptions and beliefs that you hold
  about yourself

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Conditional positive regard

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• in Rogers theory, the sense that you will be
  valued and loved only if you will behave in a way
  that is acceptable to others

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Unconditional Positive Regard

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• In Rogers theory, the sense that you will be
  valued and loved even if you dont conform to the
  standards and expectations of others

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Social Cognitive theory

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• Banduras theory of personality, which emphasizes
  the importance of observational learning,
  conscious cognitive processes, social
  experiences, self- efficacy beliefs, and
  reciprocal determinations

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Self-efficacy

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• The beliefs that people have about their ability
  to meet the demands of a specific situation
  feelings of self- confidence or self-doubt

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trait

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• A relatively stable, enduring predisposition to
  consistently behave in a certain way

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Trait Theory

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• A theory of personality that focuses on
  identifying, describing, and measuring individual
  differences

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surface traits

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• Personality characteristics or attributes that
  can easily be inferred from observation behavior

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Source traits

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• The most fundamental dimension of personality
  the broad, basic traits that are hypothesized to
  be universal and relatively few in number

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Five-Factor Model of Personality

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• A trait theory of personality that identifies
  five basic source traits as fundamental building
  blocks of personality
• Extra-version,
• Neuroticism
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness
• Openness to experience

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Behavioral Genetics

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• An interdisciplinary field that studies the
  effects of genes and heredity on behavior

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psychological Test

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• A test that assesses a persons abilities
  aptitudes, interest, or personality, based on a
  systematically obtained sample of behavior

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Projective test

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• A type of personality test that involves a
  persons interpreting an ambiguous image used to
  assess unconscious motives, conflicts,
  psychological defenses, and personality trait

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Rorschach Inkblot Test

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• A projective test using inkblots, developed by
  Swiss psychiatrist Herman Rorschach in 1921

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Graphology

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• A pseudoscience that claims to asses personality,
  social, and occupational attributes based on a
  persons distinctive handwriting, doodles, and
  drawing styles

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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• A projective personality test that involves
  creating stories about each of a series of
  ambiguous scenes

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Self-report inventory

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• A type of psychological test in which a persons
  responses to standardized questions to
  established norms

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)

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• A self-report inventory that assesses personality
  characteristics and psychological disorders

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California Personality Inventory

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• A self-report inventory that assesses personality
  characteristics in normal populations

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Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)

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• A self-report inventory developed by Raymond
  Cattell that generates a personality profile with
  ratings in 16 trait dimension

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Possible Selves

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• The aspects of the self-concept that includes
  images of the selves that you hope, fear, or
  expect to become in the future

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PEOPLE

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Alfred Adler

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• Austrian physician who broke up with Sigmund
  Freud and developed his own psychoanalytical
  theory of personality, which emphasized social
  factors and the motivation toward
  self-improvement and self-realization key ideas
  include inferiority complex and superiority
  complex

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Albert Bandura
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• Contemporary American psychologist who is best
  known for his research on observational learning
  and his social cognitive theory of personality
  key ideas include self-efficacy beliefs and
  reciprocal determinism

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Raymond Cattell

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• British-born American psychologist who developed
  a trait theory that identifies 16 essential
  source traits or personality factors also
  developed the widely used self-report personality
  test, the sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire

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Hans Eysenek

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• German-born British psychologist who developed
  a trait theory of personality as neuroticism,
  extraversion, and psychoticism

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Sigmund Freud

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• Austrian neurologist who founded psychoanalysis,
  which is both a comprehensive theory of
  personality and a form of psychotherapy
  emphasized the role of unconscious determinants
  of behavior and early childhood experiences in
  the developmental of personality and
  psychological problems key ideas include id,
  ego, and superego the psychosexual stages of
  development and the ego defense mechanism

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Karen Horney

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• German-born American psychoanalysist who
  emphasized the rule of social relationships and
  culture in personality sharply disagreed with
  Freuds theory characterization of female
  psychological development, especially his notion
  that women suffer penis envy key ideas include
  basic anxiety

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Carl G. Jung

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• Swiss psychiatrist who broke with Sigmund Freud
  to develop his own psychoanalytical theory of
  personality, which stressed striving toward
  psychological harmony key ideas include the
  collective unconscious and archetype

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Abraham Maslow
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• American psychologist who was on of the founders
  of humanistic psychology and emphasized the study
  of healthy personality development developed a
  theory of motivation based on the idea that
  people will strive for self-actualization, the
  highest motive, only after more basic needs have
  been met

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Carl Rogers

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• Developed theory of personality and form of
  psychotherapy that emphasized the inherent
• worth of people, the innate tendency to strive
  for ones potential, and the importance of the
  self-concept on personality development