Lesson 4Windows NT 4'0 Workstation

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Lesson 4-Windows NT 4.0 Workstation
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Overview

• Introduction to Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
• Installing Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
• Customizing and managing Windows NT Workstation
  4.0.
• Managing Windows NT Workstation security.
• Windows NT boot-up process and creation of a
  startup disk.
• Troubleshooting common Windows NT problems.

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Introduction to Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• Features of Windows NT.
• Limitations of Windows NT.
• Strengths of Windows NT.
• Hardware and Windows NT Workstation 4.0.

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Features of Windows NT

• Desktop Windows NT provides a better user
  interface and allows users to create a hierarchy
  of folders and shortcuts.
• File system Windows NT 4.0 supports the FAT16
  and NT file system version 4 (NTFS4) file
  systems.
• Security - NTs advanced file system protects
  files and folders by assigning permissions to
  individuals or groups.

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Features of Windows NT

• Stability - Windows NT 4.0 allows a user to work
  on different applications without the risk of
  data loss, thereby providing better stability.
• Memory The Windows NT virtual memory manager
  allows more programs and data in the memory.

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Features of Windows NT

• Software compatibility
• Windows NT 4.0 runs applications in environments
  called subsystems.
• 32-bit Windows applications are the native
  applications of Windows NT and run in the Win32
  subsystem.

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Features of Windows NT

• Software compatibility (continued)
• A DOS application in Windows runs within a
  virtual DOS machine (VDM).
• Windows NT 4.0 provides support for different
  types of applications by creating a simulated
  environment specific for the application.

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Limitations of Windows NT

• Hard drive limits - The Windows NT setup program
  can only create a maximum hard disk partition
  size of 4 GB.
• Hardware support - Windows NT does not support a
  variety of hardware and also does not support the
  plug and play feature.
• Software compatibility A few DOS and 16-bit
  Windows-based applications do not work in NTs
  simulated environment.

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Strengths of Windows NT

• Organizations use Windows NT 4.0 for backward
  compatibility.
• An organization owning a license for Windows NT
  can continue to use the same license when old
  computers are replaced.

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Hardware and Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• Windows NT 4.0 Workstation can be installed on a
  computer that complies with the Intel/Microsoft
  set of standards.
• Windows NT Workstation 4.0 supports symmetric
  multiprocessing (SMP) with two processors.

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Hardware and Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• The recommended hardware requirements for
  installing Windows NT include
• Intel Pentium processor.
• 128 MB of RAM.
• 2 to 4 GB of hard disk space.
• CD-ROM drive.
• SVGA or higher resolution video adapter.
• Microsoft mouse.

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Hardware and Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• It is essential that the hardware and the
  software to be installed are both compatible with
  the operating system.
• Users can refer to the Microsoft site to check
  the list of hardware and software that have
  passed Microsofts compatibility tests.

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Installing Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• Prerequisites for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
  installation.
• Installing Windows NT Workstation 4.0.
• Post-installation tasks.

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Prerequisites for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
Installation

• Ensure that the system complies with the hardware
  requirements, and that the hardware is compatible
  with the operating system.
• All the connections should be in place for the
  installed components.

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Prerequisites for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
Installation

• Ensure that the device drivers required for the
  installed hardware are present.
• A device driver is a small program that allows
  the operating system to interact with and control
  a hardware device.

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Prerequisites for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
Installation

• Updates or patches should be kept ready to solve
  security issues and problems causing major
  failures.
• The service pack level to be used should be
  determined.
• A service pack is a series of accumulated updates
  into a larger package.

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Prerequisites for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
Installation

• Manual and automated are the two methods of
  installing Windows NT.
• Manual installation requires a user to provide
  the necessary information and respond to messages
  during the entire process.

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Prerequisites for Windows NT Workstation 4.0
Installation

• An automated installation is done using scripts.
• Automated installation is used by organizations
  that need identical applications and desktop
  configuration to be installed on a large number
  of systems.
• Automated installations and some manual
  installations use the WINNT.EXE or WINNT32.EXE
  program.

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Installing Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• The common Windows NT 4.0 installation strategy
  involves installing Windows NT 4.0 using the
  generic drivers.
• A clean installation of the operating system is
  recommended.

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Installing Windows NT Workstation 4.0

• A clean installation in Windows NT refers to
  either
• Installing the operating system on a clean hard
  disk, or
• Removing the old partitions and allowing setup to
  create a new partition, and formatting the same
  during the installation process.

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Post-Installation Tasks

• Verifying network access
• Ensure that users requiring access to the LAN are
  able to connect to other resources on the
  network.
• The Network Neighborhood window is used to
  display a list of computers visible on the
  network.

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Post-Installation Tasks

• Installing service packs
• The latest service pack must be tested before
  being installed.
• The WINVER program can be used for determining
  information regarding the Windows version,
  license, amount of memory available, and the
  service pack level.

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Customizing and Managing Windows NT Workstation
4.0

• Creating a new hard disk partition.
• Installing and removing applications and Windows
  components.

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Creating a New Hard Disk Partition

• A partition defines the boundaries on a hard
  disk.
• Primary and extended are the two standard
  partition types.
• A primary partition has a single drive letter
  assigned to the entire partition, while an
  extended partition has multiple logical drive
  letters.
• Each area, defined as a drive letter, is a volume.

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Creating a New Hard Disk Partition

• A hard disk can have a total of four partitions,
  but the number of extended partitions cannot
  exceed one.
• The Disk Administrator tool is used for creating
  and managing disks in Windows NT.

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Installing and Removing Applications and Windows
Components

• Most applications come with their own
  installation programs.
• The Add/Remove Programs applet in the Control
  panel can be used for installing and uninstalling
  applications and Windows components.

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Managing Windows NT Workstation Security

• The NT operating system offers both, a local
  security database for authentication of users and
  the ability to set permissions on local files and
  folders.
• Logons can be enforced only at the network level.

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Managing Windows NT Workstation Security

• Managing users, groups, permissions, and rights.
• Using and managing a local printer.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• Security accounts in Windows NT include
  individual user accounts and group accounts that
  can contain multiple users.
• User and group accounts are used to protect
  sensitive data on the system.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• In a workgroup, security accounts are on
  individual desktop computers.
• In a domain, security accounts are contained in a
  centralized accounts database on special servers
  called domain controllers.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• Users and groups
• Windows NT requires an authenticated logon with a
  valid username and password.
• For easier administration, NT uses security
  groups to group user accounts.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• Users and groups (continued)
• Administrator and Guest are the two built-in user
  accounts that are created by default when Windows
  NT Workstation is installed.
• Windows NT Workstation, by default, creates the
  Administrators, Backup Operators, Guests, Power
  Users, Replicator, and Users built-in group
  accounts.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• Users and groups (continued)
• All local user accounts automatically become
  members of the Users group.
• The User Manager administrative program is used
  for creating and managing users and groups.
• The Everyone group is a special default group,
  which includes all users on a network
  irrespective of their authentication.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• User rights
• A right is a privilege to perform system-wide
  functions.
• In Windows NT, user rights can be viewed by
  opening User Manager and selecting User Rights
  from the Policies menu.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• Permissions
• Permissions define the actions that can be
  performed by a user on an object.
• Each folder and file in a NTFS file system has a
  set of security permissions associated with it.
• No Access, List, Read, Add, Add and Read, Change,
  and Full Control are the standard folder
  permissions.

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Managing Users, Groups, Permissions, and Rights

• Planning for users, groups, and permissions
• Additional user accounts must be created if a
  Windows NT Workstation computer is to be used by
  more than one user.
• A user must log on as a member of the
  Administrators group to create users or groups.

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Using and Managing a Local Printer

• A local printer can be used only after the
  printer driver is installed.
• Only the Administrator or a member of the
  Administrators group can install a printer driver.

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Windows NT Boot-Up Process and Creation of a
Startup Disk

• Windows NT system files and partitions.
• Windows NT boot-up process.
• Windows NT startup diskette.

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Windows NT System Files and Partitions

• The NTLDR is a file that loads the operating
  system into the memory from the boot sector of
  the active partition.
• The active partition in Windows NT is called the
  system partition.
• NTLDR, NTDETECT.COM, BOOT.INI, and NTBOOTDD.SYS
  are the NT boot files, and they reside in the
  system partition.

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Windows NT System Files and Partitions

• The partition containing the system files is
  called the boot partition.
• System files include the operating system kernel,
  the file containing the operating system settings
  from the registry, and the driver files.
• The system files are installed into the
  WINNT\SYSTEM32 folder.

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Windows NT Boot-Up Process

• The boot-up process in Windows NT is divided
  into the following stages
• Pre-boot sequence.
• Boot sequence.
• Load sequence.

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Pre-Boot Sequence

• In the pre-boot sequence, the NTLDR is loaded
  into the memory.
• A part of the instructions in the NTLDR are
  activated in this stage.

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Boot Sequence

• In this stage, the NTLDR loads, switches the
  processor into the protected mode, and reads the
  BOOT.INI.
• NTLDR loads and starts NTDETECT.COM, if Windows
  NT Workstation Version 4.0 is selected.
• NTLDR also loads NTOSKRNL.EXE, HAL.DLL, and the
  system portion of the registry into the RAM.
• NTLDR is also responsible for loading the drivers
  that are configured to load at boot time.

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Load Sequence

• The load sequence begins when NTLDR passes
  control to NTOSKRNL.EXE.
• Windows NT gets loaded and initialized in this
  stage.

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Load Sequence

• The load sequence has three phases the kernel
  initialization phase, the services load phase,
  and the Windows system start phase.
• The components NTOSKRNL.EXE and SMSS.EXE control
  the first two phases of the load sequence
  respectively.

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Windows NT Startup Diskette

• A Windows NT startup disk can be created by
  formatting a diskette in NT, and copying the
  files NTLDR, NTDETECT.COM, and BOOT.INI to the
  diskette.

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Troubleshooting Common Windows NT Problems

• Registry
• The registry is a central place where NT stores
  all configuration settings for the operating
  system.
• The REGEDIT.EXE and REGEDT32.EXE tools are used
  for viewing and modifying the registry as a
  hierarchical structure.

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Troubleshooting Common Windows NT Problems

• Event Viewer
• System, application, and security are the three
  categories of events that can be logged in the
  Event Viewer.
• The system log shows events involving the
  operating system components.
• The application log shows events involving
  application.

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Troubleshooting Common Windows NT Problems

• The Microsoft Web site and the Windows NT Help
  program provide help for troubleshooting problems
  with Windows NT.
• The defragmentation tool can be used to
  reorganize data on the hard disk, thereby
  increasing the speed of the computer.

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Troubleshooting Common Windows NT Problems

• Ensure that the contents of the TEMP folder and
  temporary Internet files are cleaned regularly.
• The Windows NT backup program can be used to back
  up all valuable files, thereby preventing data
  loss.
• The Windows NT startup disk can be used to
  resolve startup errors that occur while booting.

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Troubleshooting Common Windows NT Problems

• The Blue Screen Of Death (BSOD)
• The BSOD is a blue character-mode screen that
  displays a message indicating a fatal error.
• A bad driver can also cause the BSOD during
  installation and during startup.

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Troubleshooting Common Windows NT Problems

• The Blue Screen Of Death (continued)
• The BSOD problem can be solved by either
  reporting it to a computer support person or by
  researching on the stop code in the Microsofts
  Technet site.
• The Recovery settings on the Startup/Shutdown tab
  of the System applet in the control panel can be
  used for configuring the behavior of the computer
  after a BSOD error.

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Summary

• Windows NT Workstation provides for a better user
  interface, and support for newer hardware.
• Windows NT 4.0 supports the NTFS4 and FAT16 files
  systems.
• Service packs are very important for Windows NT
  4.0.

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Summary

• The Disk Administrator program can be used to
  create and format partitions and to manage drive
  letters.
• The User Manager tool is used to create local
  users and groups.
• The Windows NT startup disk can be used to
  resolve startup problems.