European Empires in North America, 16601715

1
European Empires in North America, 1660-1715
2
Review

• Four European Empires in North America
• Where? When? Function?
• Native American Reactions?
• Global Perspective?
• (How does North America
• fit into the changing
• World System?)
• Four empires competing around the
• Globe for influence.
• NOW - Analyze North American history during this
  time in this context

3
New European State Practice - Mercantilism

• Assumption that the worlds wealth was fixed
• One countrys wealth came at the expense of
  anothers
• American colonies had to serve the mother
  country. They were forbidden to trade with
  anyone else (in theory)
• Mercantilism worked!
• New revenue for European powers unceasing
  wars with each other Mercantilism fostered
  alliances between the Crown and Merchants (
  companies)
• North America strongly influenced by these
  policies

4
The French Expand Their Empire in North America

5
Mercantilism and New France

• French establish forts and missions
• along Mississippi River and environs
• Expansion in Great Lake Regions
• Detroit
• Limited Success
• Few Settlers
• Only profits are from expanded fur trade

6
French North America

An arch around English settlements
7
Spanish on the Defensive

• Internal Revolts
• Pueblo Revolt 1681
• Reassertion of Native Control for awhile
• Spanish reconsolidated colony by 1706
• Navajo and Comanche Tribes grow stronger in
  Southwest and they limit
• Spanish Exploration and Expansion

8
English Expansion in North America
Stuarts want to consolidate Their own and
Englands power

• English Civil War (1640-1649)
• Charles I Executed 1649
• Cromwells Rule (1649-1660)
• Stuart Restoration
• (King Charles II - 1660-1685)
• (King James II 1685-1688

9
The Navigation Acts (1660s)

• (Response to French and Dutch Mercantilism)
• Trade between Colonies and England conducted
• by English Merchants and on English Ships
• Products sold to or bought from other European
• ports had to pass through England first
• Certain products subject to a duty when leaving
• colonies

10
Anglo Dutch Wars and Rivalries, 1660s 1670s

• English gain several ports in West Africa
• Royal Africa Company formed 1672
• English seize New Amsterdam and New Netherlands
• Two New Colonies formed
• New York and New Jersey

11
Other New Restoration Colonies

• Carolina 1669
• Hudson Bay Company 1670
• Pennsylvania 1681

12
Growing Pains Expansion of English Empire in
North America Creates Tension

• Like a Tinder Box
• New Settlers
• Old Settlers
• Non English Settlers
• Religious Experiments
• Indians
• African Slaves

13
Metacoms War in New England

• War for Survival
• Unification of Indian Tribes
• Indians lose last stand
• Brutality on both sides
• ½ all Puritan Settlements attacked

14
Bacons Rebellion in Virginia1676

• Old v. New Settlers
• indentured servants
• Europeans v. Indians
• Landed v. Landless
• Bacon v. Berkeley
• Rebellion peters out with Bacons Death
• Shift towards African slave labor

15
Glorious Revolution in England1688 The English
People Resist the Stuarts Overreach for Power

• Leaders in Parliament overthrow King James II
• New King William of Orange
• wife was Queen Mary a Stuart
• King and Parliament grant Religious tolerance
• Beginnings of Constitutional Monarchy

16
France and England begin struggle for North
America

• Dutch are gone, Spanish have been checked
• Colonists support new English government in
• King Williams War against French. They
  identify as English!
• 1688-1697 King Williams War
• English colonists fail to dislodge France
• Iroquois declare neutrality and act as Buffer

17
By 1715

• English have most populous and profitable empire
  in North America
• But
• Social Unrest
• Salem Witch Trials
• Ethnic Conflict
• Between colonists
• with Indians
• International Rivalry with France