BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

• Dr. Michael Potter
• Department of Biology
• Paul VI Catholic High School
• 2006

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BIOLOGIC CHEMISTRY

• NATURE OF MATTER
• ATOMS Basic unit of matter
• The smallest portion of a substance that still
  retains the unique properties of that substance.
• PROTONS (1.009 DALTONS)
• NEUTRONS (1.007 DALTONS)
• ELECTRONS (1/1840 DALTONS)
• 1 DALTON 1.66054X10-24 kilograms
• (1/12 the mass of Carbon)

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• NUCLEUS
• CENTER OF ATOM
• CONTAINS PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
• USUALLY ELECTRICALLY NEUTRAL
• ORBITALS
• CONTAIN ELECTRONS

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• ELECTRON CONFIGURATION
• ENERGY LEVELS CONTAIN
• 2, 8, 18, 32 electrons
• ENERGY SUBLEVELS
• s level 2 electrons
• p level 6 electrons
• d level 10 electrons
• f level 14 electrons

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Periodic chart (including Bohr models)
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CHEMICAL ELEMENT Atomic Number Atomic
Mass Atomic Weight ISOTOPES Vary in number
neutrons Same Chemical Properties Some
Radioactive
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RADIOACTIVE DECAY a waves ß waves ?
waves CARBON DATING Half-Life 5600 years
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CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS Substances that are formed
by the combination of two or more different
elements in a fixed ratio. They are pure
substances. MOLECULE Smallest unit of compound
covalently bonded.
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CHEMICAL FORMULAE Shorthand expressions
describing chemical composition SIMPLEST
FORMULA (Empirical Formula) MOLECULAR
FORMULA STRUCTURAL FORMULA
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• CHEMICAL BONDS
• Bond energy is the energy necessary to break a
  chemical bond.
• COVALENT BONDS (share electrons)
• IONIC BONDS (transfer electrons)
• VAN DER WAALS FORCES
• HYDROGEN BONDS

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Hydrogen Bonding
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CHEMISTRY OF WATER ATOMIC STRUCTURE 10
Protons 10 Electrons Covalent Bond Polar
Structure
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PROPERTIES OF WATER 1. COHESION Attraction
between molecules of the same substance. 2.
ADHESION Attraction between different
substances. 3. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT 1Cal./gm/oC
4. HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION Heat energy (586
cal.) required to change 1 gm. liquid water to
gas.
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SOLUTION Homogeneous mixture of a
liquid. MIXTURE Substance composed of two or
more elements or compounds that are together BUT
are not chemically combined. SUSPENSION
Composed of nonpolar molecules in water. Water
acts to exclude them.
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COLLOIDS Heterogeneous mixtures containing
particles intermediate in size between
suspensions and solutions. TYNDALL EFFECT
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ACID / BASE / pH pH (pouvoir
hydrogene) Calculated from the spontaneous
ionization of water, i.e. 1X10-7 M Negative
logarithm of the H Each change in a pH unit
is a tenfold change in concentration
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ACIDS Any substance that dissociates in water
to increase the H concentration BASES Any
substance that dissociates to decrease the H
concentration.
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BUFFERS Substance that acts as reservoir for
H. Carbonic Acid Buffer System
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CARBON COMPOUNDS C, H, O, N comprise 96
living matter 4 valence electrons Multiple
covalent bonds Able to form rings
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ORGANIC MOLECULES
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BENZENE
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MACROMOLECULES Formed by polymerization Dehydra
tion synthesis Anabolic Reactions Energy
requiring reactions Degraded by Catabolic
Reactions Hydrolytic reactions
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MACROMOLECULES IN LIVING THINGS
ARE CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC
ACIDS
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CARBOHYDRATES Contain C, H, O 121
Ratio ISOMERS (alternate forms) Structural
Geometric Cis Trans Enantiomers
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Enantiomer Form
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CARBOHYDRATES MONOSACCHARIDES Glucose Fruct
ose Galactose Mannose DISACCHARIDES Sucros
e Lactose Maltose
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CARBOHYDRATES POLYSACCHARIDES Glycogen Star
ch Amylose Cellulose ß1,4 glycosidic
linkage Chitin
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LIPIDS FATS Hydrophobic, Nonpolar
Component molecules made up of Glycerol (3
carbon alcohol) Fatty Acid (FA) Fats may
be Saturated Unsaturated
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PHOSPHOLIPIDS STRUCTURE Two Fatty Acid
Chains Glycerol PO4 Group POLAR
COMPOUND Amphipathic
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Amphipathic Molecule
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STEROIDS 4 Carbon Rings Cholesterol Steroid
Hormones estrogen testosterone progesterone
Adrenocortical Steroids mineralocorticoids gl
ucocorticoids
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Cholesterol
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TERPENES Long chain Lipids Components of
pigments Carotenoids ß carotene Essential
Oils of plants
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PROSTAGLANDINS Modified form of fatty
acid Mediators of Inflammation Dolor Rubor
Calor Tumor Multiple Functions in
body Leukotrienes
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PROSTAGLANDINS Synthesized from essential
fatty acids Linoleic Acid Linolenic
Acid Arachidonic Acid
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PROTEINS Contain C, H, O, and
Nitrogen Polymers of AMINO ACIDS Carboxyl
Group (COOH) at one end Amino Group (NH3) at
other end Essential Amino Acids Formed
via Peptide Bonds
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Formation of Peptides Bonds
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PROTEINS CONFORMATIONAL STRUCTURE Primary S
econdary Tertiary Quartenary
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Primary Structure of a Protein
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Secondary Structure
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Secondary Structure
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Globular Protein
Tertiary Structure
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Quartenary Structure Protein
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• FUNCTIONS OF PROTEINS
• ENZYMES (Catalysts)
• Gibbs Free Energy of Activation
• Exergonic (exothermic) reactions
• Endergonic (endothermic) reactions
• Enzyme-Substrate Complex

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ENZYMES FUNCTION BY Provide Template for
substrate Proper Orientation Induced Fit
stresses molecules Lowers thermal energy
need Provides conducive micro- environment
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ENZYME FUNCTION ALTERED BY Temperature Ideal
human temp. 35-40oC pH Optimal human pH 6-8
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ENZYME INHIBITION Competitive Inhibition Noncomp
etitive Inhibition Genetic Regulation Activity
Regulation Allosteric Regulation Feedback
Inhibition Cooperativity
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2. DEFENSE Globular Proteins Immune Complex
System 3. TRANSPORT Myoglobin/Haemoglobin 4.
SUPPORT Fibrous Proteins (Collagen)
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5. MOTION Muscle Contraction Actin, Myosin 6.
REGULATION Hormones Regulatory
proteins Genes Enzymes
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NUCLEIC ACIDS Macromolecules that act as
informational storage devices. Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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DNA Molecule composed of nucleotide sequences
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NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE NUCLEOTIDES Five
Carbon Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose Phosphate
(PO4) Group Organic N-Containing Base
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NUCLEOTIDES JOINED BY PHOSPHODIESTER BOND
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ORGANIC BASES
PURINES Adenine
Guanine PYRIMIDINES Cytosine Thymine U
racil (RNA only)