Our Lessons of Nakhodka and Oil Spill Prevention and Preparedness for Sakhalin

1
Our Lessons of Nakhodka and Oil Spill Prevention
andPreparedness for Sakhalin

• Nobuhiro SAWANO, Doc. Sci.
• Visiting Professor, VTT

2
Contents

• Where I am coming from?
• Nakhodka Oil Spill
• Lessons of Nakhodka
• Our Research Activities, long term monitoring
• Outline of Sakhalin oil and gas development
  projects
• Research Results obtained from long-tem
  monitoring
• Denshi Kokudo and information sharing
• Prevention, Preparedness then Response

3
Where I am coming from?
Noto Peninsular ????
Ishikawa Prefecture Area 4,185km2 Population
1,169,539(April, 2007)
Kanazawa City Area 487km2 Population 460,000
4
What was Nakhodka accident?
5
Over viewing Nakhodka (1)
Russian Tanker Nakhodka
(19,200t) Happened on Jan. 2nd,
1997 8,600kL Spilled (6,240kLOfficial
Figure) Type C Heavy Oil Collection
Volunteers Total about 1,300km Affected Big
Confusion, Lack of Unified Command System
6
Over viewing Nakhodka (2)

Tanker Sinking Point
?
Nakhdoka 1,300km 8,660kL
150.0km/kL Amoco Cadiz 320km
257,429kL 1.4km/kL Exxon Valdez 2,080km
41,256kL 49.5km/kL
7
Memory of the Accident (1)
Drifting bow section
Tanker was spitted two parts
8
Memory of the Accident (2)
Fishing boats were used to recover oil floating
on the sea Oil collection vessels were useless
because of the high viscosity
9
Memory of the Accident (3)
Nagahasi, Suzu city
Katano, Kaga city
10
Memory of the Accident (4)
Soon after the oil was beached
11
Memory of the Accident (5)
Emulsification A man is trying to cut
emulsified oil, kinematic viscosity has reached
to more than 100,000 cSt
12
Recovery Works (1)
13
Recovery works(2) Noto Pen.
14
Recovery works(3)
15
Recovery works(4)
16
Recovery works(5)
Huge amount of oil and sand Mixture by heavy
machinery
17
Recovery works(6)
Mountain of oil mixed sand
Separation by using sieves by volunteer workers
18
Actually happened(2) 5 to 6 years after Sieving
Works
Roots of HAMAGOU Vitex rotundifolia
September, 1998
5m dune scarp has been appeared
May, 2002
19
Actually happened(2) 5 to 6 years after Sieving
Works
20
Typical Beach Profile before the Accident
Zonation (????)
Altitude (m)
Distance from strand line (m)
21
Land measurement(1/2)
Total station
Auto level
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Land measurement(2/2)
Stake 500
10m
m2
Am-2
10m
base line vector
Stake 600
m1
L1
?1
Am-1
T2
???
A
B
C
D
????
s1
As-1
Total Station
s2
Reflection panel
As-2
????
Measure point
??
23
Result
1998.5.31 ? ???
????
1998.7.1
Each figure shows the altitude
24
Contour lines created by Spline Interpolation for
beach profile
Interpolation methodnearest neighboring 4 points
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Distribution of beach inclination
Maximum change was observed 2001 Autumn to 2002
Spring 4 to 5 years after the accident
26
2003???????
???
2004??600??????????????
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Changing of Altitude
(1)May 1998 November 1999
(2)May 2000June 2001
(3)Sep. 2001 Nov. 2002
Maximum change was observed 2001 Autumn to 2002
Spring 4 to 5 years after the accident
28
Most probable scenario and conclusion
Zonation (????)
Stranded oil
Recovery works done by heavy machinery and
volunteers Most of the recovery works were not
effective even worse for the environment.
29
Finally, 5 volunteer workers have been dead.
30
Actually happened in Mikuni
Lethal and Explosive Solvent was used as face
washing detergent for volunteers
31
Tentative Conclusion

• For oil spill response, plan and planning is very
  important
• Real environmental / social / economic damage
  will appear a few to several years after the
  spill
• Peoples good will have to directed both good and
  evil

32
Our Research Activities after Nakhodka
33
Rocky / Boulder
Exposed Rocky Platform
Sand Beach

• Various Types of Shoreline

34
Survey Points
35
List of Survey Points
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When Oil Residue Points become ZERO?
Heavy contamination
Lighter contamination
Oil residues cannot be observed of the moment
37
Amount of marine debris.
St. No.3
St. No.47
Like dumping site --3
Very few --1
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Part of the application to each observing station
criteria
Station
Explanatory parameters (item number)
External criteria(observed time of oil residue)
39
Methodology(2)
7 shoreline classification Criteria
1.Exiting Sheltering Rocks
2. Shape of the Sediment
Usually, Folk(1955)s roundness is used..
3. Width of foreshore and backshore
40
Methodology(2), Cont.
4. Size of the Sediment
Maximum size of the sediment
41
Methodology(2) Cont.,
5. Marine Debris
3
1
42
Result of Quantification Type I
Estimation by using Category Value.....
Some beach is categorized like Cat.1 ? 3, Cat.2 ?
2, Cat.3 ? 2, Cat.4 ? 2, Cat.5 ? 2, Cat. 6, ? 4,
Cat.7 ? 2 then, 1.466 0.864 0.127 1.612 -
0.095 1.552 0.385 5.575 11.5(year)
43
MethodologyQuantification Theory Type I
Quantification Theory Type I is used to predict
the time of Oil Residue. This method is similar
to Multiple Regression but has been originally
developed to prove English was not cost
effective while U.S. occupation period of Japan
soon after the World War II. Today, this method
is widely used in epidemiology etc,.
44
Result
Observed value
Estimation value
vertical axis life time of beached oil (year)
horizontal axis number of observing station
R20.70, adjusted by degree of freedom, R6.23
45
Thinking Shoreline Ranking Again,

• 1A Exposed Rocky Shore
• 2A Exposed Wave-cut Platform
• 3A Fine-to Medium Grained Sand Beaches
• 4 Coarse-grained Sand Beaches
• 5 Mixed Sand and Gravel Beaches
• 6A Gravel Beaches
• 7 Exposed Tidal Flats
• 8A Sheltered Rocky Shores
• 9A Sheltered Tidal Flats
• 10A Salt-and Brackish Water Marshes

Exposed
Sheltered
Are there moderately sheltered or moderately
exposed shoreline?
46
How We Classify?
Japanese common wave cutters
Mixture of Cobble and Pebble
Fine sand
Sheltered Sand Beach
47
Result(3) Estimation of Oil Residue
To Estimate St. No.75 Sand Beach
???1,???1,???3,?????1,??1,??3,??3???????,
year
48
Sheltered or not Sheltered, based on Hayes
(1996)
PW EI EF-PWD10-20(WD20)2FL45-LWD10-20(
WD20)2 FL45-RWD10-20(WD20)2 Here,
FL-Peffective fetch perpendicular to shoreline
FL-Leffective fetch from 45LIGHT
direc. FL-Reffective fetch 45RIGHT direc.
Definition of Exposure Index of Prince William
Sound (PW EI)
49
Sakhalin Oil and Natural Gas Development Projects
Why we need Prevention and Preparedness?
50
Background 2 Sakhalin Oil Gas Developing
Projects Overview(1)
Sakhalin 1 9 Kuril 1-2 Khabarovsk 1-4 Kamchatka
1 Magadan 1-3 Koryak 1-2 Chukotka 1-5 Akha
1 Sakha 2
51
Sakhalin Oil Gas Developing Projects Overview
Sakhalin-1 Stockpile
52
Sakhalin Oil Gas Developing Projects Overview
Sakhalin-2 Stockpile
53
Sakhalin What is the place like?
Stayed Sakhalin from Sep. 19 -25, 2004
54
Sakhalin What is the place like?
Stayed Sakhalin from Sep. 19 -25, 2004
55
What are the Problems?(1)
Great Fishery
Ice Covered Sea
Inhospitable exploitation area Because of ice
cover
2.3billion USD/year only in Japanese side of
the Sea of Okhotsk
56
What are the Problems?(2)
One of the Last Habitats for the Endangered
Species
Gray Whale and Stellers Sea Eagle
57
What are the Problems?(3)
Concerns for Oil Spill
Actual oil spill was happened on Sep. 8th.
Sakhalin Energy Investment Company said they
had no responsibilities for this accident.
58
But.
Following slides were presented at EBRD assembly
meeting in this May by Sakhalin Environment Watch
(SEW).
Natural Gas Liquidation Facility at Pridonogoe
facing Aniva Bay
59
These materials have been prepared by Sakhalin
Environment Watch (SEW) and Friend of Earth Japan.
60
The Upper Stream of Salmon Spawning River

May, 2004
61
Land Erosion SEICs Erosion Control Programme
does not work

June, 2004
62
Temporary constructed roads for pipeline is
crossing the salmon spawning river, even
riverbeds have been used for the road.

May, 2004
63
An access road is crossing the river. Freshwater
fishes. The same type of pipe caused massive
freshwater fish death near Chaivo Bay. Sakhalin-1
project, pictures were taken in June, 2004.
64
Tributary of Aydar River at Drinsk Construction
heavy machineries are going up down on the river.
28 of April, 2005
65
Action from Japan Side(1)
Hereafter of the Sakhalin Projects Under the
common awareness of oil spill will happen
Researchers and scientists group has started
to establish citizens council with participation
of both local and central stakeholders to
prepare their own regional contingency plans
covering and compensating some defects of the
same kind of plan which has already developed by
JCG. This is mainly because Japanese law for
oil spill and marine pollution control is
covering oil is floating on the sea not
stranded on beach.
Conditions are mostly based on Hokkaido Regional
Contingency Plan prepared by JCG.
66
PA(Piltun-Astoskoye) mine concession
Oil transport of Sakhalin by using
tanker?Estimation as of 2003
Transport are limited summer season (5/2312/10)
To US 3 times
To Korea 3 times
To China/Taiwan 3 times
Soya (La Perouse ) Strait
To Philippines 2 times
To Japan 13 times
Tsugaru Strait
67
Thousands of oiled birds stranded on the
coastline of the Sea of Okhotsk
68
What and How should we do?Domestic approach
69
How We Apply Research Results?Toward Sakhalin
offshore Oil Gas Developing Project
Members Abashiri City Government Souya
Branch-Prefectual Government Hokkaido
Prefectural Government Japan Coast Guard
(Central and Local) Marine Pollution Prevention
Center Headquarter of Fishery Union Local
Fishery Unions Local NGOs, Professionals
Local Mass media Local Researchers

• Setting up Hokkaido local stakeholders council
  Abashiri Citizens Council for Oil Spill in July
  2005

70
Professional Meeting of Sakhalin II Phase 2
project
Since June 2006, organized by Japanese National
Oil Spill Organization funded by Sakhalin Energy
Investment Corp.
71
International Mechanism and tools

• HELCOM
• Denmark
• Estonia
• the European Community
• Finland
• Germany
• Latvia
• Lithuania
• Poland
• Russia
• Sweden

• NOWPAP
• Russia
• Japan
• Korea
• China
• Taiwan?
• North Korea??

72
Communication, Exchanging and Sharing Ideas and
Experiences
Seminar for discussing oil spill prevention and
preparedness involving Taiwan, Korea, Russia,
China, Japan and Finland on August 20-22 in
Kanazawa.
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ESI information Share by Denshikokudo
Transferring web audience request
Spatial Information Provider daidai.seiryo.ac.jp
Flow of request
Attribute information
Map data
Denshikokudo Map Server www.cyberjapan.jp
Reaction
Map data and attribute information are overlaid
on web browse
Web Audience
74
What is DenshikokudoVariables exchanging method
between client and server

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• // ??????????????(??)
• //----------------------------------------
  --------
• function app_main()
• map.createScaleBar()
• map.enablePopup()
• showMapFrame()
• top.map.draw_symbol("http//daidai
  .seiryo.ac.jp
• /e-kokudo/batsu.bmp",10
  ,lt? ykeido ?gt,lt? xido ?gt)
• // ???????????
• top.map.openJSGIXML("http//daidai
  .seiryo.ac.jp/e-kokudo/point3.xml")
• top.map.setMapCenter(lt? ykeido
  ?gt,lt? xido ?gt,12500)
• top.map.openMap()
• top.map.event('leftdown','top.clic
  hfunc' )

Indicating overlaying data on Denshikokudo
Part of source code
Identification of longitude and latitude
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Actual application for Chuetu-oki Earthquake
happened in this July 16th.
More than 2000 data of house damage (totally
crashed, partially crashed have been Collected by
local authorities and volunteers, data have been
stored by volunteers. As of this moment, data is
still collecting
76
Summary
For transboundary response, including disaster
drill, ESI data can be shared. These mechanism
will facilitate international corporation and
collaboration.
77
Deployment plan of AIS and VTS (1)
Soya La Perouse Strait
Nemuro Strait
Tsugaru Strait
Congested and networked area
Tsushima Strait
Osumi Strait
???
78
Deployment plan of AIS and VTS in Japan(2)
79
ConclusionHow we face the risk?
Prevention
Response
Preparedness
International partnership
80
Questions?