Models and Structures of ArcGIS UML and Data Modeling Elements

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Models and Structures of ArcGIS UML and Data
Modeling Elements
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Model / Data Model

• Model representation of something in the real
  world, of a process in the real world - how the
  world WORKS
• Data Model representation of data or
  information ABOUT that something or process - how
  the world LOOKS
• limited representation of reality
• a discretization or partitioning of space
• constructs for representation in a computer

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Data Model

• usually a representation of the data collection
  process
• FIELD grid
• OBJECT isoline
• FIELD or OBJECT geo-relational
• Delauney triangulation (alternative)

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partition areas based on influence of sample
points (Thiessen polys)
e.g., trusted elevation benchmarks or VIPs,
market area delimitation, rain gauge area
assignment, etc.
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3 Data Models

• geo-relational coverage (object view from
  classic ArcInfo)
• geo-relational shapefile (object view from
  ArcView)
• geodatabase (object-oriented from ArcGIS)

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Georelational Data ModelClassic ArcInfo and
ArcView
Arc
Info
command line interface Unix, NT, Windows ArcView
as interface
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Data Structure

• the way in which the data model is represented in
  the GIS
• concerned simply with what can be computed and
  what cant
• not tied to process at all
• DEM/raster for field model
• coverage/shapefile for ESRI geo-relational
  (object model)
• contour for isoline variation on object model
• TIN for Delauney triangulation/Voronoi model
• geodatabase for OO geodatabase

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Data Structures

• ArcInfo coverages
• ArcView shapefiles
• ArcInfo grids, USGS DEMs
• Images (e.g., georeferenced tiffs)
• TINs
• Geodatabases

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ESRI Coverage as a Data Structure
Image courtesy of Louisville/Jefferson County
Information Consortium, Kentucky
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ESRI Shapefile
.shp shape format the feature geometry
itself .shx shape index format a positional
index of the feature geometry to allow seeking
forwards and backwards quickly .dbf attribute
format columnar attributes for each shape, in
dBase III format .prj projection format the
coordinate system and projection information, a
plain text file describing the projection .sbn
and .sbx spatial index .xml metadata in XML
format
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ArcGIS Icons( Zeiler, pp. 65-71 )
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Geodatabase

• If coverages are apples
• and shapefiles are oranges
• The Geodatabase can be your grocery bag
• ESRI Geodatabase Video (357 to 1120)

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Elements of the Geodatabase

• Feature Datasets
• Feature Classes
• Relationship classes
• Geometric Networks
• Domains
• Ranges
• Coded Values
• Topology
• Tables
• Metadata
• And More!!!

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Geodatabase

• Features and attributes as objects
• Relationships among features
• Validation or editing rules, behaviors
• Container for
• Vector, raster, tabular data
• Relationships
• Topology

Object Table
MS-Office
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Relationships for a feature
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Sharing on SteroidsESRI Data Models for
Geodatabase Templates

• Pre-designed schema (skeleton) of
• Objects
• -Feature classes
• -Tables
• Relationships
• Domains
• Rules

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Why Data Models Gdb Templates?

• Work with users partners on practical design
  projects
• Build useful ready to load geodatabases
• Continue the process with feedback from real
  projects
• Support encourage standards

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ArcGIS Data Models
Administrative Boundaries Agriculture Basemap Biodiversity/Conservation Cadastre 2014 Defense/Intel Energy Utilities Environmental Regulated Facilities Historic Preservation Hydrographic/Navigation (IHO) Local Government Marine Petroleum Pipeline System Architecture Telecommunications Transportation Water Utilities Water Resources (Hydro, Groundwater) Forestry Geology Land Parcels
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http//support.esri.com/datamodels
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Arc Marine dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis
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Data Modeling for Spatial Analysis

• What is spatial analysis?
• "a set of methods whose results change when the
  locations of the objects being analyzed change"
• Methods for working with spatial data
• to detect patterns, anomalies
• to find answers to questions
• to test or confirm theories
• deductive reasoning
• to generate new theories and generalizations
• Inductive reasoning

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What is Spatial Analysis (cont.)

• Methods for adding value to data
• in doing scientific research
• in trying to convince others
• A collaboration between human and machine
• How do we set up the framework for spatial
  analysis?
• Data model to data structure

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A Georelational to a Geodatabase Model

• coverage and shapefile data structures
• homogenous collections of points, lines, and
  polygons with generic, 1- and 2-dimensional
  "behavior"
• cant distinguish behaviors
• Point for a marker buoy, same as point for OBS
• smart features in a geodatabase
• lighthouse must be on land, marine mammal siting
  must be in ocean

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Purpose of Arc Marine, Arc Hydro and others

• basic template for implementing GIS projects
• input, formatting, geoprocessing, creating maps,
  performing analyses
• basic framework for writing program code and
  maintaining applications
• development of tools for the community
• promote networking and data sharing through
  established standards

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Arc Marine Design Strategy
Generic Marine Data Model
Inheritance
User Group Data Model
User Group Data Model
User Group Data Model
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Geodatabase Concepts

• ESRI's new data object-oriented data model
• objects, features, behaviors
• Geodatabase
• collection of feature classes/data sets, rasters,
  TINs
• all data in relational tables
• behavior is coupled with features through rules
  (object-orientation)
• Feature data set
• Contains feature classes
• defines topological role of features
• has a coordinate system
• Feature class
• stored in a relational table
• special field for geometric shape
• geometric data incorporated into the database
• Point, multipoint, segment, path, ring, polyline,
  polygon

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Geodatabase Feature Class Geometries
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ArcMarine Geodatabase
Overall Geodatabase
Feature Dataset
Feature Class
Table
Relationship Class
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Modeling Process
(1) Conceptual Model Lists, flow diagrams, etc
Real World Objects and relationships
(2) Logical Model Diagram in CASE Tool
(3) Physical Model
Database Schema (Object state)
Graphic courtesy of ESRI
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Data Model Levels
Reality
Human-oriented
Conceptual Model
Increasing Abstraction
Logical Model
Computer-oriented
Physical Model
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(1) Conceptual - Users View of Data
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(1) Conceptual - Users View of Data
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Conceptual - cont.
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(2) Logical - UML

• Unified Modeling Language
• Diagrammatic notation visual language...
• For constructing a data model
• Drawings, relationships constructed in Visio
• Tools to input a drawing to ArcGIS
• input data to the data model

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From (1) Conceptual
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To (2) Logical
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UML NotationZeiler pp. 97-99

• a class is shown as a box
• top part name of class
• lower part attributes
• methods associated with the class
• lines connect boxes, indicate relationships

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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro
team
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UML Notation ( cont. )

• Abstract class
• specify subclasses underneath
• no new instances
• Feature Class
• Specify subtypes underneath

Food
Veggies
Meats
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Relationships

• Links between classes, shown as lines
• One to one
• One to many
• Many to many

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Relationships (cont.)

• 11 - solid line
• one record in Class A linked to one record in
  Class B
• is married to
• the class of state capitals linked to the class
  of states
• 1n - solid line with at one end
• one record in Class A linked to any number of
  records in Class B
• "owns"
• the class of states linked to the class of area
  codes

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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro
team
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Relationships (Arc Marine example)
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Relationships (cont.)

• mn - solid line with at both ends
• any number of records in Class A linked to any
  number of records in Class B
• "has visited
• "was never married to"
• the class of mountain lions linked to the class
  of wilderness areas

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Relationships
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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro
team
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Type Inheritance

• White triangle
• Class B inherits the properties (attributes,
  methods) of Class A
• the class street inherits from the class
  transportation network
• Solid diamond
• the parts and the whole depend on each other

lecture
lab
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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro
team
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Modeling Process
(1) Conceptual Model Lists, flow diagrams, etc
Real World Objects and relationships
(2) Logical Model Diagram in CASE Tool
(3) Physical Model
Database Schema (Object state)
Graphic courtesy of ESRI
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(3) Physical
or XMI file
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Using a Design TemplateSchema Wizard reads
repository or XMI to create a geodatabase
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(3) Physical
or XMI file
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Data Model Levels
Reality
Human-oriented
Conceptual Model
Increasing Abstraction
Logical Model
Computer-oriented
Physical Model
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Modeling Process
(1) Conceptual Model Lists, flow diagrams, etc
Real World Objects and relationships
(2) Logical Model Diagram in CASE Tool
(3) Physical Model
Database Schema (Object state)
Graphic courtesy of ESRI
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Arc Marine Data Model Exercise

• Exercise and data at
• dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis/ArcMarine_Tutorial/
• What to turn in
• Screen snapshot of what your ArcMap session looks
  like at the end of Section 4 (including dynseg
  referencing)
• Answers to 2 simple questions at end of Section 4
  (which cruise? which vehicle?)
• Can put all of the above in a single MS-Word
  document, labeled with your NAME please!
• Due by email or dropbox, April 27th, 600 p.m.

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Geoprocessing Models Model Builder diagrams for
workflow
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Use of a Data Model in an Analysis Model Model
Builder geoprocessing diagrams for workflow
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Gateway to the Literature

• Arctur, D. and Zeiler, M., 2004, Designing
  Geodatabases, ESRI Press
• Lowe, J.W., 2003. Flexible data models strut the
  runway. Geospatial Solutions, 13(2) 44-47.
• Maidment, D.R., 2002. Arc Hydro GIS for Water
  Resources, ESRI Press, 203 pp. w/CD.
• Li, X. and M.E. Hodgson, 2004. Vector-field data
  model and operations. GISci. Rem. Sens., 41(1)
  1-24.
• Wright, D., Blongewicz, M., Halpin, P., and
  Breman, J., Arc Marine GIS for a Blue Planet,
  Redlands ESRI Press, 2007.
• In Digital Earth or dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis/b
  ook.html

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Objects and Features

• Object (real world)
• in ArcGIS an object is non-spatial
• it is NOT a point, line, or area
• it has no geographic location
• it has no shape attribute in its table
• Drainage network, ship, vehicle, customer,
  lake, house, etc.
• Feature (spatial context)
• an object that has geographic location
• a point, line, area, TIN, raster