Body Organization and Terminology

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Body Organization and Terminology

• Lab Exercise 2
• Bio 160

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Body Cavities

• Axial Head, neck and trunk

• Appendicular Upper and lower limbs

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Body Cavities

• Dorsal cavity back side formed by cranium and
  vertebrae

• Cranial cavity contains brain

• Vertebral (spinal) canal contains spinal cord

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Body Cavities

• Ventral Cavity Belly side - organs inside are
  collectively called viscera
• lined with serous membrane (parietal and
  visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)

• Thoracic cavity

• Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and
  visceral pleura)

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Body Cavities

• Mediastinum - mass of soft tissue between lungs
  from sternum to vertebral column includes heart
  in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral
  pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea

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Body Cavities

• Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal and
  visceral peritoneum
• (diaphragm divides the thoracic from
  abdominopelvic)

• Abdominal

• Pelvic

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Body Cavities

• Smaller cavities within the head

• Oral cavity

• Nasal cavity and sinuses

• Orbital cavity

• Middle ear cavity

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Organ Systems

• Integumentary system Body covering

• Skin

• Hair and nails

• Skeletal system Support and protection of soft
  tissue, production of blood cells and storage of
  calcium

• Bones

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Organ Systems

• Ligaments

• Cartilage

• Muscular system Movement, posture maintenance
  and heat production

• Skeletal muscles

• Tendons

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Organ Systems

• Nervous system Receives sensory information,
  interprets information and stimulates effectors
  (ex. muscles or glands)

• Brain

• Spinal cord

• Nerves

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Organ Systems

• Endocrine system Secretes hormones

• Pituitary gland

• Thyroid gland

• Adrenal gland

• Pancreas

• Ovaries and Testes

• Thymus

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Organ Systems

• Cardiovascular system Transport of gases,
  nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body

• Heart

• Arteries

• Veins

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Organ Systems

• Lymphatic system Transports fluids back to
  bloodstream and some fats away from digestive
  system, also helps fight infections

• Lymphatic vessels

• Lymph nodes

• Thymus

• Spleen

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Organ Systems

• Digestive system Breaks down food into simpler
  forms that can be absorbed by the body

• Mouth

• Tongue

• Teeth

• Salivary glands

• Pharnyx

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Organ Systems

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

• Small Intestines

• Large Intestines

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Organ Systems

• Respiratory system Move air in and out and
  exchange gases between the blood and air

• Nasal cavity and Pharnyx

• Larnyx

• Trachea

• Bronchi

• Lungs

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Organ Systems

• Urinary system Removes wastes from blood and
  maintains the bodys water and salt balance

• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

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Organ Systems

• Male Reproductive system Production and delivery
  of male reproductive cells (sperm)

• Scrotum

• Testes

• Penis

• Urethra

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Organ Systems

• Female Reproductive system Production and
  maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs)

• Ovaries

• Uterine tubes (Oviducts Fallopian tubes)

• Uterus

• Vagina

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Anatomical Position

• body upright facing observer

• arms at side

• palms facing forward

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Directional Terms (anatomical directions)

• Dorsal back side

• Ventral belly side

• Anterior that part which goes first ( ventral
  because belly goes first when we proceed
  (anterior ventral only in bipeds and not in
  quadripeds))

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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2)

• Posterior that part which follows (posterior
  dorsal)

• Superior toward head or above another structure

• Inferior away from the head or below another
  structure

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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3)

• Lateral away from midline

• Medial toward midline

• Superficial near the surface

• Deep more internal than superficial parts

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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4)

• Proximal

• nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to
  trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius)

• nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex.
  proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)

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Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5)

• Distal

• further from attachment of an extremity to trunk

• further from point of reference (origin)

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Body Planes Sections

• Plane imaginary flat surface

• Section flat surface resulting from a cut made
  through the structure

1. Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that
   divides the body into right and left portions

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Body Planes Sections (2)

1. Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from a
   plane that divides body into front and back
   (anterior and posterior)

1. Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from
   a plane that divides body into superior and
   inferior portions along a horizontal plane
   (actually any section that is a right angle to
   the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a
   cross section of a loaf of bread)

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Body Regions

• Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig
  1.151.16