Introduction to Solid State Lighting

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I Nano therefore I am not Is the basis for
nano-education confused? Ian Ferguson Georgia
Institute of Technology 1School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering 2School of Materials Science
and Engineering Faculty Fellow in the Sam Nunn
Security Program Center for International
Strategy, Technology and Policy Atlanta, GA
30332-0250 Email ianf_at_ece.gatech.edu
a
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Where did nano come from?
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Was Moores Law the Driver for Nanotechnology?
The number of transistors that can be
inexpensively placed on an integrated circuit is
increasing exponentially, doubling approximately
every two years. Gordon E. Moore
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Miniaturization continues
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Evolution of CMOS technology, 1960 - 2020
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Decade of Innovations Keeping up with Moores Law
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Timeline
http//www.foresight.org/nano/history.html

• 1959 - Feynman gives after-dinner talk describing
  molecular machines building with atomic precision
• 1974 - Taniguchi uses term "nano-technology" in
  paper on ion-sputter machining
• 1977 - Drexler originates molecular
  nanotechnology concepts at MIT
• 1981 - First technical paper on molecular
  engineering to build with atomic precision - STM
  invented
• 1985 - Buckyball discovered
• 1986 - First book published - AFM invented -
  First organization formed
• 1987 - First protein engineered - First
  university symposium
• 1988 - First university course
• 1989 - IBM logo spelled in individual atoms -
  First national conference
• 1990 - First nanotechnology journal - Japan's
  STA begins funding nanotech projects
• 1991 - Japan''s MITI announces bottom-up "atom
  factory" - IBM endorses bottom-up path -
  Japan's MITI commits 200 million - Carbon
  nanotube discovered
• 1992 - First textbook published - First
  Congressional testimony
• 1993 - First Feynman Prize in Nanotechnology
  awarded - First coverage of nanotech from White
  House - "Engines of Creation" book given to Rice
  administration, stimulating first university
  nanotech
• center
• 1994 - Nanosystems textbook used in first
  university course - US Science Advisor advocates
  nanotechnology

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Timeline cont.

• 1995 - First think tank report - First industry
  analysis of military applications
• 1996 - 250,000 Feynman Grand Prize announced -
  First European conference - NASA begins work in
  computational nanotech - First nanobio
  conference
• 1997 - First company founded Zyvex - First
  design of nanorobotic system
• 1998 - First NSF forum, held in conjunction with
  Foresight Conference - First DNA-based
  nanomechanical device
• 1999 - First Nanomedicine book published - First
  safety guidelines - Congressional hearings on
  proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative
• 2000 - President Clinton announces U.S. National
  Nanotechnology Initiative - First state research
  initiative 100 million in California
• 2001 - First report on nanotech industry - U.S.
  announces first center for military applications
• 2002 - First nanotech industry conference -
  Regional nanotech efforts multiply
• 2003 - Congressional hearings on societal
  implications - Call for balancing NNI research
  portfolio - Drexler/Smalley debate is published
  in Chemical Engineering News
• 2004 - First policy conference on advanced
  nanotech - First center for nanomechanical
  systems
• 2005 - At Nanoethics meeting, Roco announces
  nanomachine/nanosystem project count has reached
  300
• 2006 - National Academies nanotechnology report
  calls for experimentation toward molecular
• manufacturing

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Controllable dot size and light emission energy
All samples have anti-surfactant
25 nm
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Ground state exciton energy

• Interband optical transition with
• 30 nm of diameter
• Height lt 4.1 nm
• ? Confinement dominant Blue shift
• Height gt 4.1 nm
• ? Piezoelectric effect dominant Red shift
• A fair agreement with experimental data

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Has policy driven the birth of nanotechnology?

• Bomb
• NSF
• Space race
• Nanotechnology
• What are the consequences?

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The perceived scientific method

• Science
• Engineering
• Technology
• Societal Impact

Value perceived by society
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Did the chicken come before the egg?

• Nano-Science
• Nano-Engineering
• Nano-Technology

• Na, no-Societal Impact!

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The Second WaveNanotechnology is shaping
the world atom-by-atom, the builders final
frontier.
Anything you ca do I can do better!
will influence virtually every man-made object
as well as the prevention, diagnosis and
treatment of disease during the 21st century.
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Policy and Controversy

• http//www.nanotech-now.com/Press_Kit/nanotechnolo
  gy-history.htm
• Since 2000, awareness of nanotechnology among
  environmental activists, regulators, and
  lawmakers has been on the rise. Environmental
  organizations have expressed fears about the
  potential ecological and health consequences of
  mainstream nanotechnology, and have called for
  increased research into safety of nanoparticles.
  The Drexler version of advanced nanotechnology
  has also been the subject of public fear, largely
  centered on the notion that nanotechnology could
  spiral out of control and convert all life on
  Earth into "gray goo." Drexler, who originally
  introduced this apocalyptic prospect in Engines
  of Creation, has since repeatedly distanced
  himself from it-but gray goo retains its grip on
  the public imagination. There are other serious
  reasons to be worried about the development of
  nanotechnology, including the risk of severe
  economic disruption the possibly dehumanizing
  effects of using nanotechnology on ourselves and
  the potential criminal, military, or terrorist
  use of advanced nanotechnology. A few
  organizations are paying full-time attention to
  these concerns, including the Foresight Institute
  (established in 1986) and the Center for
  Responsible Nanotechnology (established in 2002).
  Public policy discussions have barely begun to
  reflect those long-term concerns. Although some
  agencies in the U.S. government have been
  involved in nanotechnology since the 1980s,
  federal funding of nanotechnology research did
  not begin in earnest until the late 1990s. In
  2000, the National Nanotechnology Initiative was
  established to coordinate the government's work
  in nanotechnology soon, federal spending on
  nanotechnology is scheduled to cross the 1
  billion-per-year mark. Along with the increased
  funding has come a government commitment to
  investigate the "social, economic, health, and
  environmental implications" of nanotechnology. As
  public interest continues to grow, and as
  scientific progress make advanced nanotechnology
  seem ever more attainable, policymakers are
  likely to increasingly turn their attentions to
  the promise and peril of nanotechnology. 1.
  Adapted from Adam Keiper, "The Nanotechnology
  Revolution," The New Atlantis, Summer 2003
  (www.TheNewAtlantis.com). Updated on 10 August
  2004, and used with permission.
• http//www.thenewatlantis.com/publications/the-na
  notechnology-revolution

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What is the educational basis for nanotechnology
in EE, ECE, etc?
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National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network
(NNIN)
Mission Enable rapid advancements in science,
engineering and technology at the nano-scale by
efficient access to nanotechnology infrastructure
Approach An NSF funded network of shared open
facilities distributed throughout the country
that will enable the full creative abilities of
the nanoscale user community to emerge
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Marcus Nanotechnology Building

• 90M Facility Investment, 67M Equipment
  Investment
• 190,000 GSF building
• 30,000 GSF cleanroom space50 initial fit-out
• 1/3 organic (biological) cleanroomlife sciences
• 2/3 inorganic (electronic) cleanroomphysical
  sciences
• 30,000 GSF supporting lab space at full fit-out
  (three lab floors)
• Base construction complete
• Tool fit-upequipment installation, specialized
  utilities, and supporting infrastructure in
  progress

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Georgia Tech Education and Outreach in
Nanotechnology

• Georgia Techs education outreach
• programs have seen substantial growth
• since the inception of NNIN

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Georgia Tech Education and Outreach in
Nanotechnology

• Current programs include
• Summer camps
• K-12 school visits (on and off site)
• Teacher workshops
• Technical workshops
• Research Experience for Teachers
• Research Experience for Undergraduates
• New in 2009 Nanooze the Exhibit
• Museum exhibit with 7 interactive stations
• Housed at the NRC beginning in early April
• Free to the public

Nanotechnology Explorations Summer 2008
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Integrating Nanotechnology Education at Georgia
Tech

• Nanotechnology Certificate Program for
  undergraduate students
• 15-credit program taken over the junior and
  senior years
• 9 lecture credits, 3 laboratory credits, 3
  research credits
• Lecture Courses give rigorous and comprehensive
  background in NSE
• - Nanoscale Chemistry Chemical Processing
  
• - Nanoscale Physical Properties
  Characterization
• - Nanoscale Devices (along with demos of
  micro/nanoelectronic fab.)
• Nanosystems Laboratory is the capstone course
• Additional lectures from invited speakers on
  nanoethics, nanotoxicology, nanotechnology
  commercialization, and nanotechnology
  entrepreneurship

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Nanosystems Laboratory (under development)

• Set of four experimental and computational
  stations
• Nanomaterial synthesis and characterization ?
  Computational design of
• nanodevice fabrication process ?
  Implementation of nanodevice fabrication
• process ? Characterization of nanodevice
• Tools synthesis reactor, AFM, COMSOL
  multiphysics, optical microscope,
• impedance spectrometer
• First set of modules on metal oxide (e.g. SnO2)
  nanobelt synthesis and devices

Measurement and analysis of electronic
properties upon exposure to gas molecules
Nanobelt synthesis and characterization
Modeling and implementation of dielectrophoretic
nanobelt assembly into a sensor array
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The technology is developing but where are the
jobs
Piezotronics
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NNIN Education
Under construction
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Working in Nanotechnology
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TinyTechJobs
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Discussion points

• If we already own nanotechnology then how can we
  take it back
• Need a byline EE, ECE, etc. the home of Nano
• Do we want to stress nanotechnology especially if
  it looks like if has failed to have societal
  impact
• In nanotechnology - Materials drive application
• In EE, ECE, etc. - Applications drive materials
• Focus on what is next

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I Nano therefore I am not Is the basis for
nano-education confused? Ian Ferguson Georgia
Institute of Technology School of Electrical and
Computer Engineering School of Materials Science
and Engineering Faculty Fellow in the Sam Nunn
Security Program Center for International
Strategy, Technology and Policy Atlanta, GA
30332-0250 Email ianf_at_ece.gatech.edu
W