HEALTH HAZARDS

1
HEALTH HAZARDS

• OTI 500
• Trainer Course in Occupational Safety and Health
  Hazards for
• Construction Industry

2
OSH Act of 1970

• The purpose of the OSH Act is to
• assure so far as possible every working,
• man and woman in the nation safe and
• healthful working conditions and to
• preserve our human resources.

3
Routes of Entry

• Inhalation
• airborne contaminants
• Absorption
• penetration through the skin
• Ingestion
• eating
• drinking

4
OSHA Hierarchy of Control

• Engineering controls
• Work practice controls
• Administrative controls
• Personal protective equipment (PPE)

5
Types of Exposure

• Acute
• Short term period between exposure and onset of
  symptoms
• Chronic
• Long time period between exposure to an agent and
  the onset of symptoms

6
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants

• OSHA
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration
• NIOSH
• National Institute of Occupational Safety and
  Health
• ACGIH
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial
  Hygienists

7
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants

• OSHA
• PEL, STEL, Ceiling
• NIOSH
• TWA, STEL, Ceiling
• ACGIH
• TWA, STEL, Ceiling

8
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants

• TWA
• takes into account variable exposure through a
  full shift, 8 hour work day
• STEL
• limit of exposure during a short period, 15
  minutes
• CEILING
• absolute maximum level of exposure not to be
  exceeded

9
Exposure LimitsAir Contaminants

• Legally enforceable
• OSHA PEL
• OSHA AL (action level)
• OSHA EL (excursion limit)

10
SilicaSpecial Emphasis Program (SEP)

• Special Emphasis Program--Silica
• OSHAs Industrial Hygiene initiative
• Collaboration of OSHA Compliance and Consultation
  Programs

SiO2
11
Why Target Crystalline Silica Exposure?

• Widespread occurrence and use
• Number of related deaths
• Number of exposed workers
• Health effects

12
Occurrence and Use of Silica

• SiO2 - basic component of sand, quartz granite
  
• Quartz - 2nd most common mineral in the earths
  crust
• Airborne silica is produced by

13
Occurrence and Use of Silica

• Airborne silica is produced by
• sandblasting
• rock drilling
• foundry work
• stone cutting
• drilling
• quarrying

• tunneling jack hammering
• concrete manufacturing
• demolition
• asphalt pavement manufacturing

14
Construction Targeting

• jack hammering
• rock drilling
• abrasive blasting
• concrete mixing
• brick and concrete block or slab cutting

15
Permissible Exposure Limit(PEL) for Silica
10 mg/m3 Quartz 2
? mg/m3
PEL for respirable dust containing a silica.
16
Silicosis Prevention Program

• Medical surveillance program
• baseline examination
• medical and occupational history
• prior to exposure
• every 5 years if lt 20 years of exposure
• every 2 years if gt 20 years of exposure
• baseline chest x-ray
• pulmonary function tests (PFT)
• x-ray upon termination of employment

Source OSHA SEP
17
Silicosis Prevention Program

• Personal air monitoring program
• Training and information on crystalline silica
• Availability of air and medical surveillance data
  to workers
• Respiratory protection program

Source OSHA SEP
18
Silicosis Prevention Program

• Hygiene facilities and clothing change areas
• Recordkeeping
• Personal exposures below the PEL OR facility has
  an abatement program that provides interim worker
  protection
• Housekeeping program
• Regulated areas

Source OSHA SEP
19
Health Effects

• Acute - intense crystalline silica exposure
• Accelerated - more intense exposure over 5 to 15
  years
• Chronic - 20 to 45 years prolonged exposure to
  crystalline silica

20
Common Hazard

• Abrasive blasting
• Paint removal
• Renovation demolition
• Road repair

21
Exposure Controls Substitution

• Coal slag (black beauty)
• Steel grit
• Aluminum oxide
• Wild stuff (frozen CO2, walnut shells, baking soda

22
Exposure ControlsWet Methods

• Water suppression of dust
• Very effective method
• May be less efficient
• Requires supply of water and clean up
• Power tools with HEPA exhaust

23
Silica Case Example

• 39 year old sandblaster diagnosed with silicosis
  and tuberculosis after 22 years of abrasive
  blasting
• shortness of breath
• wheezing
• chest discomfort
• lung tissue samples - extensive fibrosis
  (silicosis)

24
Silica Case Example

• 49 year old man diagnosed with silicosis,
  emphysema, and asthma after 21 years of work as a
  tile installer where he was exposed to dust from
  cutting, drilling, and working with grout. He was
  a nonsmoker

25
Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127

• Blue-white metal
• Grayish-white powder
• Found in lead, copper, and zinc sulfide ores
• Compounds
• highly colored from brown to yellow and red

26
Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127

• Uses
• electrode component in alkaline batteries
• stabilizer in plastics
• paints

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Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127

• Short term exposure
• irritation of upper respiratory tract
• constriction of the throat
• metallic taste
• cough
• flu-like symptoms

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Cadmium29 CFR 1926.1127

• Long term exposure
• kidney damage
• lung cancer
• prostate cancer

29
Scope

• All occupational exposure to cadmium compounds
• in all construction work
• construction
• alteration
• repair

01/12/100
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Covered Activities

• Wrecking
• Demolition
• Salvage
• Use of cadmium containing paints
• cutting, brazing, burning, grinding or welding

• Electrical grounding w/cadmium
• Installation of cadmium products
• Emergencies
• Transportation, disposal, and storage

01/12/100
31
Definitions

• Action level (AL)
• 2.5 ?g/m3
• Competent person (29 CFR 1926.32)
• determines presents of cadmium
• regulated areas
• access
• PPE
• training

01/12/100
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Permissible Exposure Limit

• PEL 5 ?g/m3

01/12/100
33
Exposure Monitoring

• Prior to performance
• Exposure at or above the AL
• relevant plans
• reports
• MSDSs
• other records
• Frequency
• Additional monitoring

?
01/12/100
34
Initial Monitoring

• As soon as practicable
• Higher concentrations
• monitor while conducting task
• Objective data
• Documentation
• gt 5 ?g/m3
• lt 5 ?g/m3

01/12/100
35
Prohibited Activities

• Eating
• Drinking
• Smoking
• Chew tobacco
• Apply cosmetics
• OR
• carry such products into regulated areas

01/12/100
36
Methods of Compliance

• Intermittent exposure
• Exposure lt 30 days per year
• Engineering and work practice controls are not
  feasible
• reduce exposure to lowest level
• PPE

01/12/100
37
Methods of Compliance

• Employee Rotation

01/12/100
38
Compliance Program

• Exposure gt PEL
• Written program
• Review and update as necessary

01/12/100
39
Other Requirements

• Hygiene areas and practices
• Housekeeping
• Medical Surveillance
• 30 or more days gt action level
• Communicating hazards
• Recordkeeping

01/12/100
40
Lead in Construction Standard

• 29 CFR 1926.62
• SCOPE AND APPLICATION
• Applies to all construction work where an
  employee may be occupationally exposed to lead.
• Excludes construction work covered in the general
  industry standard.

41
Lead in Construction Standard

• Applies to
• Demolition
• Removal and Encapsulation
• New construction, alteration, repair, or
  renovation
• Installation of products containing lead

• Lead contamination/ emergency cleanup
• Transportation, disposal, storage
• Maintenance operations associated with
  construction

42
Selected Definitions

• LEAD
• Metallic lead
• All inorganic lead compounds
• Organic lead soaps
• Excludes organic lead compounds.

43
Selected Definitions

• COMPETENT PERSON
• ACTION LEVEL
  (AL)
• 30 ?g/m3
• PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT (PEL)
• 50 ?g/m3

44
Selected Definitions

• ALLOWABLE EXPOSURE (in ?g/m3)
• 400
• hours worked

45
Selected Definitions

• INITIAL DETERMINATION
• To determine whether employees are exposed at
  above the action level
• May rely on historical data
• May rely on objective data

46
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction

• INITIAL DETERMINATION
• TASK 1 TRIGGERS
• Exposure up to 500 ?g/m3
  (10 x the PEL)
• Activities include
• manual demolition of structures, hand scrapping
  or sanding, heat guns, power tool cleaning with
  dust collection systems, spray painting

47
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction

• INITIAL DETERMINATION
• TASK 2 TRIGGERS
• Exposure up to 2,500 ?g/m3
  (gt10 x the PEL, but less than
  2,500 ?g/m3 )
• Activities include
• using lead containing mortar, cleanup where dry
  expendable abrasives are used, rivet busting,
  power tool cleaning without dust collection
  systems, movement/removal of enclosures

48
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction

• INITIAL DETERMINATION
• TASK 3 TRIGGERS
• Exposure gt 2,500 ?g/m3
  (gt50 x the PEL)
• Activities include
• abrasive blasting, welding, cutting, torch burning

49
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction

• POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION
• Exposure at or above the action level and below
  the PEL
• Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed
  employee
• May use historical data
• Additional monitoring - every 6 months
• Document

50
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction

• POSITIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION
• Exposure at or above the PEL
• Conduct monitoring representative of each exposed
  employee
• May use historical data
• Additional monitoring - quarterly
• Document

51
Exposure AssessmentLead in Construction

• NEGATIVE INITIAL DETERMINATION
• No exposure at or above the action level
• Additional monitoring is not required unless
  there is a change in
• equipment, process, control, personnel or task
  resulting in levels at or above the action level
• Document

52
Methods Of Compliance Lead in Construction

• Engineering Controls
• Respiratory protection
• Compliance program
• Mechanical ventilation
• Administrative controls
• Good work practices

53
Respiratory ProtectionLead in Construction

• REQUIRED
• While engineering and work practice controls are
  being installed or implemented
• During activities when engineering and work
  practice controls are not feasible
• Where engineering and work practice controls are
  not feasible to reduce exposures below PEL/AL
• In emergencies

54
Respiratory ProtectionLead in Construction

• Must be provided whenever an employee requests a
  respirator.
• Must provide a PAPR whenever an employee
  requests one and it is protective against the
  level of exposure.

55
Exposure gt PELLead in Construction

• Respiratory protection
• Personal protective equipment
• Change rooms
• Showers (where feasible in construction)
• Eating facilities
• Hand washing facilities

56
HousekeepingLead in Construction

• Maintain surfaces as free as practicable of lead
  accumulation.

57
Medical Surveillance Lead in Construction

• INITIAL MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
• Exposure gt AL one day
• MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM
• Exposure gt AL for more than 30 days per year

58
Medical Removal Lead in Construction

• Two blood lead levels gt 50 ?g/dL
• Return - lt 40 ?g/dL
• Benefits

59
Employee TrainingLead in Construction

• EXPOSURE gt AL
• ANNUALLY

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RecordkeepingLead in Construction

• EXPOSURE DATA
• At least 30 years
• MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
• Duration of employment plus 30 years

61
RecordkeepingLead in Construction

• MEDICAL REMOVAL
• At least duration of employment
• OBJECTIVE DATA
• 30 years