Richard N' Arnold College Associate Professor Certified Crop Adviser

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Richard N. ArnoldCollege Associate
ProfessorCertified Crop Adviser

• P.O. Box 1018
• Farmington, NM 87499

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Dry Beans

• Was an important food plant during time of war
• Low cost protein food
• Leading states are Michigan, California, Idaho,
  Colorado, New York, North Dakota, and Nebraska
• More than half of dry bean production is produced
  west of the Mississippi River

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History of Dry Beans

• Native to South America
• Beans were being cultivated by the Indians when
  America was discovered
• They were introduced into the Old World soon
  afterward, being mentioned about 1512 in Europe,
  where they became popular

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Adaptation

• The bean plant is a warm-season annual adapted to
  a wide variety of soils
• Its optimum mean temperature is 65 to 75 degrees
• High temperatures interfere with seed setting,
  while low temperatures are unfavorable for growth
• They are produced most successfully in areas
  where the rainfall is light during the latter
  part of the season

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Botanical Description

• Dry edible beans are more or less flat-seeded
• They may be either bushy or a vine type
• They are normally self-pollinated with less than
  1 percent natural crossing

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Types of Dry Beans

• Pea, Pinto, Great Northern, Red Kidney, Small
  White, Pink, Small Red, Black Turtle, Cranberry,
  Yelloweye, Flat Small White, White Marrow, Mung,
  Lima, California, Blackeye, Chickpea (Garbanso)

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Seed Characteristics

• Dry edible beans are separated into market
  classes based on color, size, and seed shape
• Small-more than 1,800 seeds/lb, ex. Small White,
  Navy and most Black varieties, these beans are
  commonly used for soups and pork and beans
• Medium-1,200 to 1,800 seeds/lb, ex. Great
  Northern, Pink and Red Mexican varieties, these
  beans are commonly used for Mexican-style food
  and baked beans

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Seed Characteristics Cont.

• Large-less than 1,200 seeds/lb, ex. Kidney,
  Marrow and Cranberry, commonly used for fresh
  salads and baked dishes
• Plant Type
• Beans are also classified according to plant
  growth characteristics

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Plant Type Cont.

• The four basic plant types are
• Type I. Determinate.An upright bush plant in
  which the vegetative growth of stems and lateral
  shoots ends as a flower cluster
• Type II. Indeterminate upright. An upright viny
  plant in which the vegetative growth of stems and
  lateral shoots continues as short tendrils or
  vines

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Plant Type Cont.

• Type III. Indeterminate prostrate. A sprawling
  plant in which the vegetative growth or stems and
  lateral shoots continues as long vigorous
  tendrils or vines
• Type IV. Indeterminate strong climber. A true
  climbing plant type usually grown on poles or
  trellises. Its stems and lateral shoots continue
  as vigorous tendrils or vines

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Bean Plant

• The seed is covered by a seed coat called (testa)
  which has two scars (hilum and micropyle) on the
  incurved edge
• The hilum is where the seed separated from the
  stalk that attached it to the pod
• The micropyle is where the pollen tube entered
  during fertilization

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Bean Plant Cont.

• When testa is broken, the seed may be split
  lengthwise into two cotyledons
• The cotyledons are simple leaves attached to the
  first node of the primary stem
• They are sources of food during germination

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During Germination

• Growth begins by elongation of the radicle (root)
  when seed coat is ruptured
• After the seedling is firmly anchored in the
  soil, hypocotyl elongation begins and results in
  the emergence of the hypocotyl arch and the
  upward pulling of the cotyledons through the soil
• The hypocotyl arch straightens and the unifoliate
  leaves expand

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During Germination Cont.

• The first true leaves of the dry bean are
  unifoliate, and all future leaves develop from
  terminal or axillary buds as trifoliate (three
  bladed)
• The time interval between planting and emergence
  depends on planting depth, soil compaction, soil
  temperature, and moisture.
• Optimum germination range of 65 to 85 degrees

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Growth and Development

• Growth Period 1. (Germination and stand
  establishment), this period starts with planting
  and ends when the trifoliate leaflets at the
  third node no longer touch
• Growth Period 2. (Rapid vegetative growth), the
  plant responds to increased temperatures during
  this period and develops one new node on the main
  stem approximately every three days

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Growth and Development Cont.

• Growth Period 3. (Flowering and pod development),
  This period starts when the first flower opens
  and continues until the full extension of the
  first pod to set on
• Growth Period 4. (Pod fill and maturation), This
  period starts when the seed in the first pod to
  set on starts to increase the circular dimension
  of the developed pod and continues to harvest

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Dry Bean Fertility

• Nitrogen
• Beans are legumes and can fix N in the presence
  of appropriate strains of Rhizobium unless there
  are inoculation difficulties
• N deficiency can especially occur on sandy soils
• Is essential for amino acids, proteins and etc
• Deficiency symptoms appear as uniformly pale
  green to yellow discoloration of older leaves,
  growth is reduced, and few flowers develop or
  pods fill poorly

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Nitrogen Cont.

• N rec (YG x 2.0) (SN Sub N)
• N rec Nitrogen fertilizer recommendation (lb/A)
• YG Yield goal (cwt/A)
• 2.0 Crop nitrogen requirement (cwt/A)
• SN Pounds of nitrogen from surface sample
• Sub N Pounds of nitrogen from subsoil

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Nitrogen Cont.

• Types of N fertilizers, 82-0-0, 34-0-0, 46-0-0,
  Uran 32, 18-46-0, 11-52-0, 16-20-0
• It takes 2.0 lbs N/A for each 100 lbs of beans
  (cwt)
• Phosphorus
• Phosphorus deficiency can occur on many soils
  especially those with low or high pH (those high
  in calcium)
• Types of phosphorus fertilizers, 0-46-0, 18-46-0,
  11-52-0, 10-34-0, 16-20-0

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Phosphorus Cont.

• Phosphorus is part of nucleotides, nucleic acids,
  phosphorylated sugar and etc
• Slow growth is the main symptom of Phosphorus
  deficiency, upper leaves small and dark green,
  and older leaves may turn yellow, then brown, and
  senesce prematurely
• Plants are often stunted, and they have thin
  stems and shortened internodes

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Phosphorus Cont.

• Phosphorus Recommended (ppm)

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P def
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Potassium

• Usually not a deficient nutrient in the southwest
• Becomes less available below pH of 6.0
• Important for the maintenance of cell turgor and
  in movement of stomata (cooling of plant)
• Deficiency symptoms usually appear in young
  plants, leaves show margin scorch, spreads
  towards the center and base of the blade
• Types of potassium fertilizers, 0-0-60, 13-0-7

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Potassium Cont.

• Potassium recommendations ppm

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K def
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Zinc

• Is most available in the pH range of 5.0 to 7.0
• Essential for activity of several enzymes such as
  lactic acid dehydrogenase
• Deficiency symptoms appear on younger leaves
  which are pale green with yellow tips and
  margins, they develop and interveinal chlorosis
• Zinc fertilizer, Zinc sulfate, and chelates

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Zinc Cont.

• Zinc recommended ppm

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Zn def
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Fe def
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Sulfur

• Seldom occurs in bean production areas anywhere
  in the world
• The availability of the element declines below pH
  6.0
• Component of amino acids cystine, and of proteins
• Deficiency symptoms appear to be like N,
  pronounced yellow chlorosis of younger leaves
• Sulfur fertilizers, 12-0-0-26S, Zinc sulfate

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Sulfur Cont.

• S Rec (YG x 0-.67) SS (OM x 3)
• S Rec Sulfur fertilizer recommendations
• YG yield goal (cwt/A)
• 0.67 Crop sulfur requirement (lbs S/cwt)
• SS Pounds of soil sulfur from surface sample
• OM Soil organic matter ()

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Irrigating Dry Beans

• It is advantageous in dry bean production to have
  the soil moisture profile full at planting
• 85 of the moisture used by the crop is taken
  from the top 18 inches
• Maximum daily water use occurs during a 3-week
  period beginning with flowering and ending with
  initial pod fill
• In San Juan County daily water use during this
  period is approximately 0.25 to 0.3 inches/day

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Dry Bean Diseases

• Bacterial
• Bacterial Brown Spot
• Plant parts affected-leaves, stems, pods, and
  seed
• Symptoms-small brown lesions form on leaves and
  may be surrounded by a narrow yellow zone
• Center of old lesions commonly fall out, leaving
  a tattered strip or hole on the affected leaves
• Pods from infected plants may be bent or twisted
  and ring spots may form on them

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Brown Spot Cont.

• Factors Favoring-planting infected seed may
  enhance early infection and spread of the
  disease, especially if tissue id damaged
• Survival of bacterium in infected bean debris and
  weeds
• Rainstorms and sprinkler irrigation can promote
  spread of brown spot

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Brown Spot Cont.

• Management-plant certified seed
• Treat seed with streptomycin
• Incorporate infected bean debris or weeds
• Crop rotation
• Stay out of bean fields when wet
• Use copper to reduce spread of pathogen

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Bacterial brown spot on leaf
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Bacterial brown spot on pod
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Bacterial Wilt

• Part of Plant Affected-Leaves, stems pods, and
  seed
• Symptoms-May attack young seedlings and kill them
• Leaves of older infected plants may wilt,
  especially during the warmer parts of the day
• Golden brown, irregularly shaped leaf lesions may
  occur and leaves may drop off

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Bacterial Wilt Cont.

• Factors Favoring-easily spread by infected seeds
• May spread rapidly following hailstorms, and
  wounds enhance infection
• Management-plant certified seed
• Treat seed with streptomycin
• Incorporate infected bean debris
• Crop rotation
• Minimize cultivation damage to roots

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Bacterial wilt on leaf
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Bacterial wilt, necrosis on leaves
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Common Bacterial Blight

• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, stems, pods, and
  seed
• Symptoms-small water-soaked spots on the
  underside of leaflets
• These spots enlarge and merge, becoming dried and
  brown, a narrow bright lemon-yellow border of
  tissue often encircles the lesion
• Pods develop circular water-soaked spots, and can
  cause shriveled seed, and sometimes yellowing
  under seed coat

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Common Bacterial Blight Cont.

• Factors Favoring-bacteria survives in the field
  from one year to the next in infected seed and
  bean debris
• Can spread by storms, people and machinery moving
  through field when plants are wet

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Common Bacterial Blight

• Management-plant certified seed and blight
  tolerant varieties
• Treat seed with streptomycin
• Incorporate infected bean debris
• Stay out of fields when wet
• Use copper sprays

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Common bacterial blight, lesions on leaf
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Common bacterial blight on pods
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Halo Blight

• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, stems, pods, and
  seed
• Symptoms-small water soaked spots on the leaflets
  (halo appearance), in dry climates they become
  dead and tan-colored
• Induced yellowing of younger leaves
• Pods show a water soaked circular spot, and can
  shrivel seed

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Halo Blight Cont.

• Factors Favoring-cool weather, wet weather and
  violent hail and rainstorms which spread the
  disease rapidly
• Machinery and people movement through field when
  wet
• Continuous cropping to beans favors survival of
  the pathogen

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Halo Blight Cont.

• Management-plant certified seed or Halo resistant
  varieties
• Treat seed with streptomycin
• Incorporate infected bean debris
• Stay out of fields when wet
• Use Copper sprays

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Halo blight on leaf
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Halo blight on pods
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Bacterial crust of Halo blight on pod
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Fungus Diseases

• Anthracnose
• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, pods, branches,
  and seed
• Symptoms-generally appears on the undersides of
  leaves as linear or angular, dark, brick red to
  black lesions or slightly sunken cankers on leaf
  veins
• Pods show reddish-brown to black circular spots
  which develop into light-colored cankers,
  surrounded by a dark brown to black border, can
  shrivel and abort pods

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Anthracnose Cont.

• Factor Favoring-favored by cool to moderate
  temperatures and prolonged periods of high
  humidity or free water on foliage and young pods
• Storms, people, and machinery spread the pathogen
  when plants are wet
• Usually not a problem in semi-arid regions

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Anthracnose Cont.

• Management-plant certified seed of resistant
  varieties
• Incorporate infected bean debris
• Crop rotation
• Stay out of bean fields when wet
• Consider fungicides that can prevent or reduce
  infection if applied early during infection

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Anthracnose on leaf
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Anthracnose on pods
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Fusarium Root Rot

• Part of Plant Affected-hypocotyl and roots
• Symptoms-root rot initially appears as red to
  reddish-brown streaks on the hypocotyl and
  primary root (2-3 weeks after planting)
• Infected areas enlarge with age and become brown
• Plants are seldom killed by the fungus, but may
  be stunted with yellow leaves

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Fusarium Cont.

• Factors Favoring-early planting in cool, moist
  soil favors the disease
• Improper cultivation, various herbicides are
  known to induce injury of young roots and
  aggravate Fusarium root rot damage
• Fusarium in usually more apparent during
  blossoming and early pod set when the plant and
  productivity are most sensitive to stress

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Fusarium Cont.

• Management-plant certified seed of tolerant
  varieties
• Treat seed or furrow with fungicides
• Crop rotation
• Manage irrigation not to cause moisture stress
• Till soil up around the base of infected plants
  to enhance lateral root development

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Fusarium root rot on roots
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Pythium

• Part of Plant Affected-seed, roots, hypocotyl,
  stem and pods
• Symptoms-may infect planted seeds, germinating
  seedling, young plants, or even older plants
  during blossoming and pod formation
• Initial root rot symptoms, elongated water soaked
  areas on the hypocotyl and roots, usually appear
  within 1-3 weeks after planting
• Plants wilt, water soaked area eventually dries
  out and becomes somewhat sunken, tan to brown in
  color

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Pythium Cont.

• Factors Affecting-high soil moisture, and
  moderate to high temperatures, depending upon
  species
• High organic matter soils and poor drainage
• Susceptibility can be increased if roots are
  damaged during cultivation or by other soil borne
  problems

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Pythium Cont.

• Management-treat seed with recommended fungicides
• Crop rotation
• Plant in warm soils (60 degrees) for rapid
  germination
• Minimize root damage during cultivation

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Pythium lesions on roots
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Pythium on bean seedling
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Rhizoctonia

• Part of Plant Affected-hypocotyl, roots, stems
  and pods
• Symptoms-causing seedling death, root and
  hypocotyl rot, stem cankers and pod rot
• Initial symptoms appear on roots or hypocotyls as
  linear or circular reddish-brown sunken lesions
  or cankers with a reddish-brown margin
• Cankers enlarge with age, become darker, rough
  textured, and retard plant growth

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Rhizoctonia Cont.

• Factors Favoring-survives in infected plant
  debris
• Moderate to high soil moisture and low soil
  temperatures
• Damage restricted to young seedlings
• Can be spread between fields by irrigation water
  and soil movement

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Rhizoctonia Cont.

• Management-treat seed with recommended fungicides
• Crop rotation
• Incorporate previous crop residues deeply
• Plant in warm soils (60 degrees) for rapid
  germination

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Rhizoctonia cankers on hypocotyls
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Rhizoctonia in pith of bean
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Rust

• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, pods, and stems
• Symptoms-first appears as small yellow or white
  slightly raised spots on the upper and lower
  surfaces of leaves
• Spots enlarge to form reddish-brown or
  rust-colored pustules and may be surrounded by a
  yellow border

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Rust Cont.

• Factors Favoring-cool to moderate temperatures
  with moisture conditions that result in prolonged
  periods of free water on the leaf surface
• The earlier the plant becomes infected during its
  development, the greater the chance of yield loss

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Rust Cont.

• Management-plant certified seed of tolerant
  varieties
• Avoid the use of susceptible varieties when late
  planting is necessary
• Incorporate infected bean debris
• Consider various fungicides that can prevent or
  reduce rust infection if applied early, be sure
  coverage in thorough

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Rust on upper surface of leaf
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Rust on pod
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White Mold

• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, stems, branches,
  pods, and seed
• Symptoms-initially appears on plants as water
  soaked spots on infected leaves, stems, pods, and
  branches
• Areas enlarge into a watery rotten mass of tissue
  that becomes covered by white fungai
• Produces sclerotia (mouse like droppings) that
  over winter for next years infection

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White Mold Cont.

• Factors Favoring-wet plant canopy and/or soil
  surface is necessary for the disease to spread
• Can cause serious yield losses during wet, cool
  periods near the end of the growing season
• Localized initially within the low-lying areas of
  a field
• Narrow widths, excess fertilizer, high plant
  populations, and excessive irrigation all
  contribute to the severity of white mold epidemics

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White Mold Cont.

• Management-plant certified seed of upright
  varieties if land has a history of white mold
• Crop rotation
• Use recommended plant populations and row widths
  to promote rapid drying of plants and soil after
  irrigation
• Schedule irrigations only as required by crop
• Use fungicides during blossoming as protection

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White mold on stems and branches
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White mold on pods
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Soil Insects

• Wireworms
• Plant Part Affected-seed and roots
• Symptoms-feeds on the seed planted (no emergence)
• They are yellowish, slender, and hard-bodied
• They tunnel into the seed where they feed

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Wireworms Cont.

• Factors Favoring-beans following native grass,
  alfalfa, red clover, corn, or small grains
• Soils high in organic matter
• Typically live in soil for 2-5 years
• Management-plant insecticide treated seed,
• Fall plow previous crop debris

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Wireworm
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White Grubs

• Part of Plant Affected-roots
• Symptoms-severe root pruning if infestation level
  are high
• Large white larvae with a brown head capsule and
  prominent legs

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White Grub Cont.

• Factors Favoring-beans following native grass or
  small grains are prone to damage
• Soils high in organic matter
• Larvae live in soil form 1-3 years
• Management-plant insecticide treated seed
• Plant at optimum soil temperatures for rapid
  seedling emergence
• Fall plow previous crop debris

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White grubs
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Seedcorn Maggot

• Part of Plant Affected-seed and roots
• Symptoms-tunnel into the seed where they feed on
  the inner face of cotyledon and developing shoot
• Small yellowish-white, cigar-shaped lavae without
  an obvious head or legs

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Seedcorn Maggot Cont.

• Factor Favoring-beans followed by native grass,
  alfalfa, corn, or small grains
• Soils high in organic matter
• Larvae feed for 2 to 4 weeks
• Management-plant insecticide treated seed
• Plant at optimum soil conditions for rapid
  emergence
• Fall plow previous crop debris

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Seedcorn maggot
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Seedling-Attacking and Leaf-Feeding Insects

• Cutworm
• Part of Plant Affected-stem and leaves
• Symptoms-sever the plants at ground level early
  in the season
• Larvae are greasy, dark gray to brown with faint
  lighter stripes
• There are several species, however, that will
  climb up the plant and feed on leaves

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Cutworms Cont.

• Factors Affecting-beans following native grass,
  alfalfa, or small grains
• Undisturbed field margins provide egg laying and
  over-wintering habitats
• Management-use registered pesticides should
  severe cutting of plants of leaf drop occur
• Treatment around the margin of the field is
  usually sufficient

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Cutworm
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Grasshoppers

• Part of Plant Affected-stem and leaves
• Symptoms-entire stem and leaves may be consumed
• Factors Favoring-beans following native grass,
  alfalfa, or small grains
• Discourage migrations from outer edge of fields
• Management-scout fields in late May and June for
  young grasshoppers
• Use registered pesticides in field and along
  margins

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Grasshopper
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Leaf-Skeletonizing Insects

• Mexican Bean Beetle
• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, rarely pods
• Symptoms-adults and larvae feed on the underside
  of bean leaves
• Severely injured leaves may have a lace-like
  appearance
• Severe infestations can reduce yields by 50 or
  more

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Mexican Bean Beetle Cont.

• Factors Favoring-previous season population
  levels will contribute to early infestations
• Management-Consider using a preplant systemic
  pesticide
• Scout fields for adult feeding shortly after bean
  plants emerge
• Scout fields two weeks after emergence for egg
  masses
• Apply a pesticide only when the majority of
  insects are in the larval or adult stages

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Mexican bean beetle adult
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Mexican bean beetle larvae
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Mexican bean beetle egg mass on underside of leaf
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Leaf-Curling Insects and Mites

• Aphids
• Part of Plant Affected-leaves
• Symptoms-leaves show a curling and drought
  stressed appearance
• Undersides of leaves will have tiny dark-green
  aphids causing leaves to drip a honeydew
  substance
• Can transmit virus diseases

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Aphids Cont.

• Factor Favoring-grassy and broadleaf weeds along
  margins
• Neighbors field may have sufficient number for
  aphids to move to your field
• Management-scout fields throughout year for
  increasing numbers or threshold levels
• Avoid unnecessary plant stress (irrigation and
  fertilizer)
• Use registered pesticides if needed

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Aphids
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Two-Spotted Spider Mite

• Part of Plant Affected-leaves
• Symptoms-causes a webbing effect on the
  undersides of leaves
• Sucks sap from leaves and in heavy enough numbers
  can reduce yield dramatically
• Factors Favoring-margins of fields containing
  grassy and broadleaf weeds
• Neighbors field

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Two-Spotted Spider Mite Cont.

• Management-scout fields throughout the season for
  this pest
• Use insecticides registered for mite if
  infestations level reach an economic threshold
• Follow recommended irrigation and fertilization
  practices to avoid unnecessary plant stress

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Two-spotted spider mite
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Pod and Seed-Feeding Insects

• Western Bean Cutworm
• Part of Plant Affected-leaves, flowers, pods, and
  developing seeds
• Symptoms-injury by young larvae is not very
  noticeable, as they feed primarily on tender
  leaves and flower parts
• As pods form, worms chew holes in the pods and
  begin to feed on developing seed (usually at
  night or on cloudy days)

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Western Bean Cutworm Cont.

• Factors Favoring-emergence of adults from soil is
  aided by rainfall and irrigation
• On sunny days larvae may be found at base of
  plant
• Management-light traps to monitor moth flights
  during late July and August
• Apply pesticides 10-20 days after the peak flight
  occurred, and at a time when the larvae are most
  susceptible

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Western bean cutworm
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Western bean cutworm entrance hole in pod
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Western bean cutworm showing seed damage
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Insecticides Registered for Dry Beans

• Insecticides

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Weed Management

• Research has shown that weeds when not controlled
  can reduce dry bean yields by approximately 70
  percent
• Wilson identified redroot pigweed, kochia,
  nightshade species and barnyardgrass as serious
  competitors in dry beans in Nebraska
• Keeping dry beans weed free for 8 weeks after
  emergence, vines tend to shade the row
  suppressing weeds from decreasing yields

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Weed Identification

• Russian thistle
• Rounded, bushy, much branched annual ½ to 3 ft
  tall, reproducing by seed
• Leaves alternate, the first are long, string-like
  and soft, with later leaves short with a stiff
  spine
• Seeds spread as mature plant breaks off at ground
  level and are scattered by the wind (tumbleweeds)

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Russian thistle
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Redroot pigweed

• A coarse erect annual, usually 2 to 3 ft tall
• Lower stems are often red or red-striped, with
  color continuing down the taproot
• Leaves have long petioles and prominent veins and
  somewhat lance-shaped
• Seeds small black and shiny

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Redroot pigweed
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Prostrate pigweed

• An annual with prostrate stems radiating in all
  directions from a central taproot
• Main stems 12 to 18 in long, smooth and usually
  red to purple
• Leaves are ½ in wide and oval, with tip broader
  than base
• Seeds are shiny black and lens shaped

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Prostrate pigweed
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Lambsquarters

• Stem is erect, stout, smooth, grooved, often
  striped with pink or purple, much branched and
  grows 1 to 6 ft tall
• Leaves are alternate, with lower ones being ovate
  or goosefoot-shaped with upper ones narrower
• Leaves are commonly white-mealy underneath

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Lambsquarters
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Barnyardgrass

• It is a vigorous, warm season annual reaching 1
  to 5 ft tall with bases of many stems reddish to
  dark purple
• Leaf blades are flat, 3/8 to 5/8 in broad,
  smooth, and without a ligule or auricle at the
  junction
• Flower head often reddish to dark purple

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Barnyardgrass
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Sandbur

• A warm season annual grass with rufted stems
• Grows 8 in to 3 ft tall and usually spreads
  horizontally and forming dense mats
• Spikes are 1 to 3 in long and bear clusters of 10
  to 30 burs

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Sandbur
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Yellow foxtail

• Is a tufted annual 1 to 3 ft tall, with erect
  stems that branch at the base
• Leaf blade is smooth, with distinct hairs on leaf
  margins near the base
• Seeds are broadly oval, green to yellow
• Green foxtail is generally shorter in height
  without hairs and much smaller seeds

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Yellow foxtail
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Yellow foxtail
Green foxtail
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Canada thistle

• Is a colony forming perennial from deep and
  extensive horizontal roots
• Stems are 1 to 4 ft tall, ridged, branching above
• Leaves are oblong or lance-shaped
• Flowers are purple to white in heads ½ to ¾ in in
  diameter and bracts spineless

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Canada thistle
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Russian knapweed

• Is a perennial forming dense colonies by
  adventitious shoots from widely spreading black
  roots
• Stems erect, openly branched to 18 to 36 in tall
• Cone-shaped flowering heads, with flowers pink to
  lavender

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Russian knapweed
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Valor Pre
Outlook Pre
Valor Pre, Raptor Basagran Post
Outlook Pre, Raptor Basagrn Post
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Weedy Check
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Herbicides for Dry Beans

• Preplant or Preemergence
• Dual II Mag or Dual Mag
• Frontier or Outlook
• Eptam
• Sonalan
• Treflan

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Postemergence Herbicides for Dry Beans

• Assure II
• Basagran
• Poast/Ultima 160
• Pursuit
• Select
• Rezult
• Raptor

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Harvesting a Quality Bean

• Usually harvest dry beans when 30 to 45 percent
  of the vines and leaves are still green and pods
  are creamy white and still moist (less shatter
  when plant and pods are moist)
• Seed Moisture Content-within the general range of
  10 to 22 percent seed moisture content, the
  combine will cause less damage to seed with a
  higher seed moisture content than to seed with a
  lower moisture
• Usually 14 to 16 percent seed moisture is optimum

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Harvesting Cont.

• Cylinder RPM-single most important factor the
  combine operator can control to minimize bean
  seed damage
• Usually run cylinder between 120 and 160 RPM
• Weeds play a role in how fast the cylinder may
  run, and down time do to plugging

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Harvest Cont.

• Cylinder Bar-based on research results it is
  recommended that the standard bars be used in
  most situations
• Always put 50-100 hours use on new bars in
  another crop to smooth any rough edges which can
  damage be seed

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Thank You

• If you have any questions contact your local
  Cooperative Extension Service
• Or NMSU Agricultural Science Center at
  Farmington, NM at 505-327-7757