Tools and Procedures

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Tools and Procedures
Notes

• Section 1-4

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Lecture Outline Tools and Procedures
PowerPoint Notes
textbook questions
Keys
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• Whatdo Biologists do?

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Who uses Biology?

• Beekeeper
• Optometrist
• Farmers
• Biochemist
• Crime lab technician
• many more

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Tools of Biologists

• Tools play an important role in science
• They enable man to see and do things never
  imagined before
• Some tools of Biology include

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Computers

• Biologists use computers to
• Find and collect data
• Organize, sort and analyze data
• Process information
• Store and retrieve data when needed
• Saves many hours of research

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Hand Lens

• A type of magnifying glass that makes an object
  appear three to five times larger than it
  actually is

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Microscopes

• Many different types
• Use different techniques of magnification
• Used for different purposes

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Compound Light Microscope

• A magnifier that uses light passing through 2 or
  more lenses to make an object appear larger than
  it is
• Can observe tiny organisms and cells while they
  are still alive

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Binocular Stereo Microscope

• View large objects and things through which light
  cannot pass(i.e. leaves, flowers,worms, insects
  etc.)
• Advantage - these microscopes have two lenses
  which allow images to be seen in 3-D

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Binocular Stereo Microscope

• To reduce eyestrain andmuscular fatigue
• Used with dissections
• Does not magnify as well as a light microscope

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Laser Microscope

• Uses a laser beam
• Sharper images of objects can be obtained
• Favorable for the resolution

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Electron Microscopes

• Very high-powered microscopes that use a beam
  of electrons instead of light to magnify
  objects
• Can magnify objectsmore than 500,000 times
  their actual size!!
• Cannot be used on living specimen

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Transmission Electron Microscope

• Shines a beamof electrons through the specimen
• Specimen mustbe sliced verythin

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Transmission Electron MicroscopeImage

• HIV budding from a cell

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Transmission Electron MicroscopeImage

• Part of a cell

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Transmission Electron MicroscopeImage

• Protein missfolding

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Scanning Electron Microscope

• Runs a beam ofelectrons back and forth across
  the surface of a specimen
• Produces realistic 3-D image of the surface of
  objects

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• Blood clot

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• Pollen Grains

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• An ant and a tick with its two babies

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• The hair on theleg of a fly

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• Head of a termite

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• Spider

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Scanning Electron MicroscopeImage

• Unknown bug found on daddy long legs

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Chemical Stains or Dyes

• Used to color a specimen for better imaging
• Or to highlight chemical components
• Connective tissue of pancreas is stained blue
• Below brain tissue is dyedwith silver

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Cell Culture

• Group of cells grownin a nutrient solutionfrom
  a single originalcell
• Can be used to
• Test cell responses under controlled conditions
• Study interactions between cells
• Select specific cells for further study

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Cell Culture
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Cell Fractionation

• Used to separate different cell parts
• So individual cell structures can be studied

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Cell Fractionation

• First cells are broken apart

• Then cells are separated by size using a
  centrifuge

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Like a carnival ride
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Like a carnival ride- pushing heavier objects
(people) outward
An object traveling in a circle behaves as if it
is experiencing an outward force. This force,
known as the centrifugal force, depends on the
mass of the object, the speed of rotation, and
the distance from the center. The more massive
the object, the greater the force.
Heavier objects (people) get pushed outward
(which would be toward the bottom of the test
tube)
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Also used at the NASA space training center
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Other tools Biologists Use

• Cameras
• Boats/nets
• Hiking/camping equipment
• Cages/traps
• Many other tools!