Browsing through Biology

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Browsing through Biology Medicine 

• Paul R Earl Sistemas e InformáticaUniversidad
  Autónoma de Nuevo LeónSan Nicolás, NL, 66451,
  Mexicopearl_at_dsi.uanl.mx

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What do HTTP and WWW mean ?WEB BROWSERS were
developed around 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee.
WorldWideWeb (WWW) was the first. To browse is to
look up or search for. Web browsers communicate
with Web servers primarily using HTTP (hypertext
transfer protocol) to fetch webpages. HTTP allows
Web browsers to give information to Web servers
as well as fetch Web pages from servers. HTTP/1.1
is commonly used. Pages are located by means of a
URL (uniform resource locator). The file format
for a Web page is usually HTML (hypertext markup
language) and is identified in the HTTP protocol
using a MIME content type. MIMEs are multipurpose
internet extensions as used in email (electronic
mail).
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Popular BrowsersWorldWideWeb, February 26, 1991
Mosaic, April 22, 1993 Netscape Navigator,
1994Netscape Communicator, October 13, 1994
Internet Explorer, August 1995 Opera, 1996
Safari, January 7, 2003 (Apple Mac)Mozilla
Firefox, November 9, 2004
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The Browser InventorAn Oxford
graduate, Tim Berners-Lee holds the 3Com Founders
chair and is a Senior Research Scientist at the
Laboratory for Computer Science and Artificial
Intelligence (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT).

• He is codirector of the new Web Science Research
  Initiative (WSRI) and is a professor in the
  Computer Science Department at the University of
  Southampton, UK. He directs the World Wide Web
  Consortium, founded in 1994In 1989 he invented
  the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia
  initiative for global information sharing while
  at CERN, the European Particle Physics
  Laboratory. In 2004 he was knighted by Queen
  Elizabeth. He wrote Weaving the Web with Mark
  Fischetti, (Harper, San Francisco,1997).

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Browse SubjectsAgricultural Biological
Sciences Arts HumanitiesBiochemistry,
Genetics Molecular Biology Business,
Management AccountingChemical
EngineeringChemistryComputer Science Decision
Sciences Earth Planetary Sciences Economics,
Econometrics Finance EnergyEngineering
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Publication Types of PubMedThe publication type
limit will restrict your search based on the type
of material the article represents, such
asClinical Trial Editorial Letter
Meta-Analysis Practice Guideline Randomized
Controlled Trial Review The complete list of
publication types is available under the Limits
Type of Article, More Publication Types of
PubMed. What is ToxNet ?
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Biomedical Orientation Leads to Pubmed
Pubmed Central, MeSH and Entrez of the US health
system along with browsers like Stanfords great
HighWire dominate biomedical searching. This is
distant from the demands of world commerce on the
Internet, e. g., taxonomy is academic. HighWire
will bring home free full texts.Sciuris, BIOSIS
Previews, Biological Abstracts, CAB Abstracts,
Index of Organism Names, Open Helix, ZooBank and
the Zoological Record, while necessary for
biomedical and other subjects have little or no
impact in business.
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PubMed, available via the NCBI Entrez retrieval
system, was developed by the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the US
National Library of Medicine (NLM), located at
the US National Institutes of Health (NIH). 
Entrez is the text-based search and retrieval
system used at NCBI for services including
PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein
Structures, Complete Genomes, Taxonomy, OMIM and
others.  LinkOut provides access to full-text
articles at journal Web.See the fine article by
Edwin Sequeira (2000) which is found
athttp//www.cendi.gov/presentations/ref_link_se
quera.ppt303,18,PubMed Central
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MEDLINE is the NLM's premier bibliographic
database that contains references to journal
articles in the life sciences with a
concentration on biomedicine.  A distinctive
feature of MEDLINE is that the records are
indexed with NLM's Medical Subject Headings
(MeSH).  MeSH terms, publication types, GenBank
accession numbers and other indexing data are
available and displayed with the tag PubMed -
indexed for MEDLINE. See also the MEDLINE/PubMed
Resources Guide.
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Your Dictionary
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Seven Languages English French German Italian
JapaneseSpanishRussianYahoo! Fish Babel does
translations, and many other translation programs
are available.
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Using the Boolean Operators AND, OR and NOT
 Many many people browse without the so logical
algebra of George Boole (1814-1864), and thats
OK. Next What does binary mean? It means a
state of 2 like on-off, manwoman, FalseTrue.
Most browsers are binary.
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Addition xy, multiplication xy and negation -x,
have their counterparts in the algebra created by
George Boole (1815-1864) by 1854 as the Boolean
operations OR, AND and NOT respectively, also
called disjunction x?y, conjunction x?y, and
negation x. Conjunction x?y behaves on 0 and 1
as multiplication does for ordinary algebra. If
either x or y is 0 then so is x?y, but if both
are 1 then so is x?y.Disjunction x?y works
almost like addition with 0?0 0 and (1?0 0?1
1). However, there is a difference 1?1 is 1
not 2. This difference is written x?y to be
(xy-xy, not simply xy).Complement is defined
arithmetically as x 1-x.
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The values of x?y, x?y, and x are expressed in
this truth table...
The 3 Venn diagrams below represent respectively
conjunction x?y, disjunction x?y, and complement
x.
Venn diagrams use circles to visually represent
Boolean search results. We have A, B, both and
B-A.
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You should know that your search results depend
on Boolean analysis. Addition xy,
multiplication xy and negation -x, have their
counterparts in the algebra created by George
Boole (1815-1864) by 1854 as the Boolean
operations OR, AND and NOT which are disjunction
x?y, conjunction x?y, and negation x.
Conjunction x?y behaves on 0 and 1 exactly as
multiplication does for ordinary algebra if
either x or y is 0 then so is x?y, but if both
are 1 then so is x?y.Disjunction x?y works
almost like addition with 0?0 0 and 1?0 0?1
1. However there is a difference 1?1 is not 2
but 1. This difference is written x?y to be
xy-xy, not simply xy.Complement can be
defined arithmetically as x 1-x.
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Doublequotes are used to combine space-separated
words into a single search term. Use upper case
for the operators ! Check on this.A space is
used to specify logical AND, as it is the default
operator for joining search terms.
"Search term 1" "Search term 2" The OR
keyword is used for logical OR "Search term
1" OR "Search term 2" The minus sign is
used for logical NOT (AND NOT) "Search
term 1" -"Search term 2"
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Let us review what the Boolean terms mean.
For any system, there must be
initial assumptions or postulates that the system
follows.
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Final Remarks The main communication problem is
jargon. Shoptalk with names for newly invented
products may only be understood by a certain
group of people. One objective of this lecture is
to cut through jargon. This lecture could be
much enhanced if you feed back terms and other
suggestions in the field of information
retrieval.