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Alignment of tonal targets: 30 years on

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Title: Alignment of tonal targets: 30 years on


1
Alignment of tonal targets 30 years on
  • Bob Ladd
  • University of Edinburgh

2
(No Transcript)
3
  • Bruce, Gösta (1977). Swedish Word Accents in
    Sentence Perspective. (Lund).
  • Ladd, D. Robert (1978, published 1980). The
    Structure of Intonational Meaning Evidence from
    English. (Cornell).
  • Pierrehumbert, Janet (1980). The Phonology and
    Phonetics of English Intonation. (MIT).

4
Gösta or Bob?
(mid-1980s)
5
Acknowledgements
  • My collaborators Amalia Arvaniti, Michaela
    Atterer, Ineke Mennen, Caterina Petrone, Astrid
    Schepman, Rebekah Stackhouse, and Laurence White,
    who are partly responsible for some of the
    results I summarise here.
  • The UK Economic and Social Research Council and
    the British Academy, which funded some of the
    research reported here.
  • Carlo Ladd, for expert assistance with the
    PowerPoint presentation.

6
Symposium On the 3rd of January 2007, Professor
Gösta Bruce will celebrate his 60th birthday. To
mark the occasion, the Department of Linguistics
and Phonetics will host a one-day symposium on
the theme "Word Accents and Tones in Sentence
Perspective". Gösta Bruce is one of the most
internationally well-known researchers in the
field of prosody. His doctoral dissertation
Swedish Word Accents in Sentence Perspective
(Lund University, 1977) was theoretically and
methodologically
as regards our way of analysing and understanding
prosodic phenomena. The current
symposium aims at bringing together researchers
in the area of prosody to focus on and discuss
the state of our knowledge as it relates to
phonetic and phonological patterning of word
accents and tones when they are concatenated in
utterances.
groundbreaking
His insight that
intonational contours in Swedish could be broken
down into different tonal components word
accents, sentence accent (associated with focus)
and terminal juncture (boundary tones) which
realize different combinations of two
phonological level tones H and L was a seminal
contribution to our understanding of intonational
patterning that was subsequently applied to many
other languages.
7
Göstas key contributions?
  • linear analysis of pitch contours into
    pragmatically and grammatically distinct types of
    elements
  • phonological description of pitch level expressed
    in terms of local maxima and minima

8
Autosegmental-Metrical Theory
  • Pitch accent (Bolinger)
  • Metrical structure (Liberman)
  • Phrase accent two-level pitch phonology (Bruce)

9
sentence accent rise
terminal juncture fall
word accent fall
ACCENT I
sentence accent rise
ACCENT II
terminal juncture fall
word accent fall
10
  • reaching a certain pitch level at a particular
    point in time is the important thing, not the
    movement (rise or fall) itself (Bruce 1977
    132).

11
More key contributions!
  • Pitch events defined independently of syllables
  • ALIGNMENT of pitch events and segmental string is
    a useful parameter of phonetic description.

12
  • Malmberg draws the conclusion that there is a
    relevant opposition between a pronounced fall in
    the first syllable of Accent 1 and a slight rise
    (or, sometimes, level pitch) in the first
    syllable of Accent 2. (Hadding-Koch 1961, p. 64)
  • some stresses with Accent 2 coded as
    exhibiting rises may end in rather marked falls
    (ibid. p. 66)
  • Among the 329 monosyllables in the corpus 165
    were falling ... , 115 rising , 15 level, and
    34 crescent-shaped It would seem reasonable
    to question whether monosyllables and disyllabic
    words with Accent 1 should, as is usually done,
    be classed together as having acute tonal
    accent ... (ibid. p. 66)

13
  • the movement of pitch is everywhere
    continuous, with an up-and-down alternation It
    appears that if one did not know (by auditory
    means) where the stresses are located, it would
    not be possible to detect the characteristic word
    tones. If we compare the tonal movement of two
    specific words from their corpus, we find that
    the first two syllables of each have almost
    identical appearance Yet we know that the
    first has accent 1 on the second syllable, while
    the second has accent 2 on the first Wherever
    we have an accent 1, its stress falls near the
    low point of the curve in accent 2, the stress
    comes earlier, and usually includes the preceding
    high point, while the low point follows the main
    stress. The melody is not in itself
    distinctive, but acquires distinctive value when
    it is associated with stress in a particular
    way. (Haugen Joos 1953 (1972) 425f).

14
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15
C
V
C
V
C
V
C
V
16

  • Bruce 1977, fig. 26

17
C
V
C
V
C
Arvaniti, Ladd Mennen, 1998
18
Atterer Ladd 2004, Fig. 2
19
Hes a m i n e r
Her fathers a m i n e r
20
  • Nino?
  • Il Nino?
  • È il Nino?
  • È con il Nino?
  • E là cè il Nino?
  • E là cè con il Nino?
  • E là stavano con il Nino?

Petrone Ladd, in preparation
21
Petrone Ladd (in preparation)
22
  • Association
  • is phonological and abstract
  • is categorical and discrete
  • Alignment
  • is phonetic and concrete
  • is continuously variable, and measurable

23
  • If you distinguish association from alignment,
    you can easily
  • deal with cases where a prosodic cue belongs
    phonologically with one syllable but is
    manifested phonetically on another
  • think about the relation between phonological
    categories and phonetic cues in ways familiar
    from segmental phonology
  • make precise cross-language phonetic comparisons
    analogous to segmental comparisons

24
English
Italian
/b/
/p/
/p/
/b/
prevoicing
aspiration
VOT
25
  • Eng. /bip/ It.
    /pip/
  • (This notation tells us only that we are
    dealing with the early-VOT stop in English and
    the late-VOT stop in Italian.)
  • Accent 1 HL Accent 2 HL
  • (This notation tells us only that we are
    dealing with early alignment in Accent 1 and late
    alignment in Accent 2.)

26
  • Happy
  • Birthday
  • Gösta
  • !!!!
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