A1258589818XkLzj

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Ecology

• "The scientific study of the interactions between
  organisms and their environments is called
  ecology.
• "The trouble with ecology is that you never know
  where to start because everything affects
  everything else." Robert A. Heinlein (from Farmer
  in the Sky)

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Ecology

• "As an area of scientific study, ecology
  incorporates the hypothetico-deductive approach,
  using observations and experiments to test
  hypothetical explanations of ecological
  phenomena. . . . ecologists often face
  extraordinary challenges in their research
  because of the complexity of their questions, the
  diversity of their subjects, and the large
  expanses of time and space over which studies
  must often be conducted. Ecology is also
  challenging because of its multidisciplinary
  nature ecological questions form a continuum
  with those from other areas of biology, including
  genetics, evolution, physiology, and behavior, as
  well as those from other sciences, such as
  chemistry, physics, geology, and meteorology."
  (p. 1061, Campbell, 1996)

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Hypothetico-Deductive
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Ecology

• "Ecology concerns itself with the
  interrelationships of living organisms, plant or
  animal, and their environments these are studied
  with a view to discovering the principles which
  govern the relationships. That such principles
  exist is a basic assumptionand an act of
  faithof the ecologist. His field of inquiry is
  no less wide than the totality of the living
  conditions of plants and animals under
  observation, their systematic position, their
  reactions to the environment and to each other,
  and the physical and chemical nature of their
  inanimate surroundings . . . It must be admitted
  that the ecologist is something of a chartered
  libertine. He roams at will over the legitimate
  preserves of the plant and animal biologist, the
  taxonomist, the physiologist, the
  microbiologist, the behaviorist, the
  meteorologist, the geologist, the physicist, the
  chemist and even the sociologist he poaches from
  all these and from other established and
  respected disciplines. It is indeed a major
  problem for the ecologist, in his own interest,
  to set bounds to his divagations
  wanderings/digressions." (p. 5, Kormondy, 1996
  quoting Macfadyen, 1957)

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Ecology

• Ecology is a pain in the butt (S.T.A., circa
  this past weekend)
• ?

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Environment, etc.

• Chemical (abiotic) aspects of environment
  nutrients (both organic and inorganic), substrate
  (what the organism lives in/on), poisons, etc.
• Physical (abiotic) aspects of environment
  temperature, light, chemical gradients, currents
  (e.g., wind or water), degree of moisture, etc.
• Biotic component of environment
• Evolution real time
• Principle of Allocation "Each organism has a
  limited amount of energy that can be allocated
  for obtaining nutrients, escaping from predators,
  coping with environmental fluctuations, growth
  and reproduction."

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Adaptation to Environment

• Organisms can respond to variations in the
  environment with a variety of adaptations
• Behavioral adaptations are almost instantaneous
  in their effects and easily reversed
• Physiological adaptations may be implemented and
  changed over time scales ranging from seconds to
  weeks
• Morphological adaptations may develop over the
  lifetimes of individual organisms or between
  generations
• Adaptive genetic changes in populations are
  slower still, usually evolving over several
  generations

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Areas of Ecological Study

• Organismal Ecology From an ecological vantage,
  much of what we study in introductory biology
  falls under the heading of organismal ecology,
  i.e., the adaptations individual organisms
  possess and the impact those adaptations have on
  the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce
• Behavioral Ecology Essentially a subset of
  Organismal Ecology that deals specifically with
  Behavior
• Population Ecology The study of the size and
  composition of populations of organisms (one
  species)
• Community Ecology The study of the interaction
  between different species of organisms
• Ecosytem Ecology The study of biotic and
  abioitic assemblages, e.g., nutrient cycling
  through ecosytems
• Landscape Ecology Ecology across assemblages of
  adjacent ecosystems, e.g., pond, marsh, and forest

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Behavioral Ecology
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Population Ecology
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Community Ecology
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Ecosystem Ecology
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Landscape Ecology
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Principle of Allocation

• Principle of Allocation "Each organism has a
  limited amount of energy that can be allocated
  for obtaining nutrients, escaping from predators,
  coping with environmental fluctuations, growth
  and reproduction.
• Conformers Organisms whose internal environment
  conforms physically or chemical to its external
  environment
• Regulators Organisms whose internal environment
  does not conform to its extertanal environment
  (due to energetically costsly regulatory
  mechanisms)
• Why regulate? Why Conform?

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Beavers, Camels, Nephrons
Less energy/anatomy devoted, e.g., to water
retention, the more that can be devoted
to REPRODUCTION
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Reproduction vs. Survival
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Conformers / Regulators
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Impact of Environment
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Conforming Limits Range
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Link to Next Presentation
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Acknowledgements
Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin
Cummings
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Chartered Libertine

• 962. Libertine. -- N. libertine voluptuary c.
  954 a rake, debauchee, loose fish, rip,
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  deceiver, Lothario, Don Juan, Bluebeardobs3
  chartered libertine.
• adulteress, advoutressobs3, courtesan,
  prostitute, strumpet, harlot, whore, punk, fille
  de joieFr woman, woman of the town
  streetwalker, Cyprian, miss, pieceFr frail
  sisterhood demirep, wench, trollop, trullobs3,
  baggage, hussy, drab, bitch, jade, skit, rig,
  queanobs3, mopsyobs3, slut, minx, harridan
  unfortunate, unfortunate female, unfortunate
  woman woman of easy virtue c. (unchaste) 961
  wanton, fornicatressobs3 Jezebel, Messalina,
  Delilah, Thais, Phryne, Aspasiaobs3, Lais,
  loretteobs3, cocotteobs3, petite dame,
  grisetteobs3 demimonde chippy obs3U.S.
  sapphistobs3 spiritual wife white slave.
• concubine, mistress, doxyobs3, chere amieFr,
  bona robaIt.
• pimp, procurer pander, pandarobs3 bawd,
  conciliatrixobs3, procuressobs3, mackerel,
  wittol
• http//poets.notredame.ac.jp/Roget/962.html