Ch. 15: Origins of Biological Diversity

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Ch. 15 Origins of Biological Diversity
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Taxonomy

• Branch of biology involving the identification,
  naming, and classification of species.
• Common names are confusing.
• i.e. crayfish, catfish, silverfish
• To reduce confusion in discussing organisms, we
  assign a universal scientific name to each
  organism.

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Biological Classification

• Kingdom-- broadest
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species most specific
• King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti

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5- Kingdom Scheme

• PROKARYOTES- no nucleus or organelles
• 1)Monera- bacteria
• EUKARYOTES- nucleus organelles
• 2) Fungi
• 3) Plants
• 4) Animals
• 5) Protists- amoebas (most are unicellular)

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Linnaean System of Classification

• Carolus Linneaus (1700s) came up with a way to
  name organisms
• Binomial system
• 1st part genus
• 2nd part species
• i.e. Homo sapien

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Phylogenic Tree

• PHYLOGENIC TREE- diagram that reflects such
  hypotheses of evolutionary relationships.
• Homologous structures one of the best ways to
  assess how closely organisms are related.

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Homologous structures (review)
p. 343-344
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A Closer Look at Phylogenic Trees
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Clade

• Each evolutionary branch in a phylogenic tree.
• Identify the 5 clades here.
• Which letter is the common ancestor?
• All organisms of a clade must share homologous
  structures that dont occur outside the clade.

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Derived Character

• A characteristic that arises as a lineage of
  organisms evolves over time.
• Unites organisms as a clade.

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Cladogram

• A phylogenic diagram that specifies the derived
  characters of clades.

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Cladistics Review

• 1. Does a turtle have a backbone?
• 2. Which character evolved first- the backbone or
  hair? Explain.
• 3. What is the main difference that separates
  leopards from house cats?