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Sea Power and Maritime Affairs

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Title: Sea Power and Maritime Affairs


1
Sea Power and Maritime Affairs
  • Lesson 8 Developments of Naval technology and
    Their Impact on Strategy and Policy, 1865-1890

2
Learning Objectives
  • Know the status of the U.S. Navy after the Civil
    War.
  • Know the principal changes in warship hull
    design, propulsion, and armaments during the
    period 1865-1890.
  • Know the principal milestones in the evolution of
    warship armament during the period.
  • Know principal naval weapons systems conceived or
    adopted by nations desiring inexpensive methods
    to overcome or neutralize expensive naval
    hardware, such as the capital ship.

3
Learning Objectives
  • Know the technological responses of the major
    naval powers to counter the threats of low cost
    weapons.
  • Know the reasons H.M.S. Warrior marks the
    beginning and end of this period as a major step
    in the evolution of the principal weapons of
    naval might.
  • Know congressional attitudes toward the Navy in
    this postwar period. Comprehend the changes in
    naval technology prior to World War I.

4
Learning Objectives
  • Comprehend (explain) the difficulty in
    maintaining technological leadership and the
    debate over whether to remain technologically
    current.
  • Comprehend the reasons for the rebuilding of the
    U.S. Navy and the historical conditions
    accounting for the emergence and success of
    Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's lectures and book.

5
International Affairs - Late 19th Century
  • Pax Britannica
  • Era of peace continues - British Empire dominates
    the seas.
  • Japan - Meiji Restoration
  • Continued increase in foreign trade.
  • Rapid modernization begins.
  • German and Italian unifications - 1870-71.
  • Austro-Hungarian Empires Dual Monarchy - 1867.
  • Continued collapse of Ottoman Empire through
    1800s.
  • Balkan Peninsula Independence of European
    states.
  • New era of European imperialism
  • European powers vigorously compete to establish
    colonies on remaining world territories.

6
Proclomation of the German Empire - 1871
7
Ottovon Bismarck
  • Iron Chancellor
  • of the
  • German Empire

8
Evolution of Warship Construction
  • Construction materials
  • Steel hulls replace iron hulls.
  • Steel has higher strength and less weight than
    iron.
  • Compartmentation.
  • Protective decks.
  • Armor protection.
  • Iron to steel-plated iron to steel.
  • Location of armor
  • Vulnerable areas get more armor.
  • Unable to armor the entire ship due to weight of
    armor.
  • Rams

9
H.M.S. Warrior
10
H.M.S. Monitor
11
Battle of Lissa - 1866
  • First battle between ironclad fleets.
  • Adriatic Sea off Dalmatian coast (present-day
    Croatia).
  • Italians attempt amphibious assault of the island
    of Lissa without command of the sea.
  • Austrian Fleet takes V formation.
  • Breaks the Italian line.
  • Ferdinand Maximilian sinks Re dItalia with the
    ram.
  • Rams in warship design
  • Remain prominent until late into the nineteenth
    century.

12
Iron-clad Screw-Frigate Re DItalia
13
Battle of Lissa
Lissa
14
Battle of Lissa
Lissa
15
Battle of Lissa
Lissa
16
Battle of Lissa
Lissa
17
Evolution of Armaments
  • Muzzle loaders to breech loaders.
  • Safety and rate of fire increases.
  • Rifled guns.
  • Increased accuracy and ranges.
  • Mounting of guns.
  • Hydraulic recoil mechanisms.
  • Cartridge shells.
  • Round and charge are combined.
  • Rate of fire increases.
  • Greater penetrating power and range.
  • Self-propelled torpedo
  • Invented by Englishman Robert Whitehead in 1866.

18
Ship Propulsion Innovations
  • More efficient steam engines developed.
  • Increases in speed.
  • Longer ranges.
  • Coaling stations required at regular intervals
    while transiting overseas.
  • Further incentive to acquire overseas colonies.
  • Many ships still use sail as alternate means of
    propulsion.
  • Hybrids with stacks and sails.

19
New Propulsion Ships Coaling
20
Revolving Turret
21
Low Cost Weapons vs Capital Ships
  • Capital ships
  • Large ships with heavy guns - core of a battle
    fleet.
  • Battleships (Heavily armored).
  • Cruisers (Faster but less heavily armored than
    battleships).
  • New low cost weapons
  • Self-propelled torpedoes launched from torpedo
    boats.
  • Mines - Stationary torpedoes to protect
    coastlines and ports.
  • Countermeasures against low cost weapons
  • Continued advances in compartmentation.
  • New ship types
  • Torpedo boat destroyer shortened to just
    destroyer used to screen capital ships from
    torpedo attacks.
  • Minesweepers used to clear minefields.

22
New Submarine Design
23
Torpedo Boat
24
Torpedoes
25
Torpedo in Action
26
Post-Civil War U.S. Navy
  • 1865-1870 -- Decline of the Navy.
  • Large reductions in naval appropriations 700 to
    52 ships.
  • Isolationism due to the need for
  • Reconstruction of the South.
  • Continued westward expansion.
  • Primary mission Protection of maritime trade
    overseas.
  • Naval Doctrine
  • Commerce raiding and coastal defense still
    emphasized.
  • Alabama Claims -- 1871-2
  • International arbitration at Geneva.
  • Great Britain pays United States large award.
  • Based on Union merchant ships captured by
    Confederate commerce raiders which were built in
    Great Britain.

27
Rebirth of the U.S. Navy
  • Naval Institute established by naval officers -
    1873.
  • Proceedings - professional journal for naval
    personnel.
  • Naval funding begins to increase in 1880.
  • ABCD ships - construction begins in 1883.
  • Steam (Sail used as secondary means of
    propulsion).
  • Steel hulls and heavy armor.
  • Rifled breech-loading guns.
  • Battleships - construction begins in 1889.
  • Office of Naval Intelligence established - 1882.
  • Naval War College established - 1884.
  • Engineering Duty Officers enter the Line -- 1899.
  • Increased importance of technical knowledge is
    apparent.

28
Naval War College
  • Commerce raiding and coastal defense
    Accepted strategies of the U.S. Navy after
    Civil War.
  • Strategies seem obsolete to an influential group
    of American naval leaders.
  • Commodore Stephen B. Luce
  • Establishes Naval War College in 1885 at Newport,
    Rhode Island to
  • Apply modern scientific methods to the study and
    raise naval warfare from the empirical stage to
    the dignity of a science.
  • Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan is one of the first
    instructors to serve under Luce.

29
(No Transcript)
30
Alfred Thayer Mahan
  • An untroubled assurance of peace is no guarantee
    that war will not come.

31
  • Historians generally have been unfamiliar
    with the conditions of the sea, having as to it
    neither special interest nor special knowledge
    and the profound determining influence of
    maritime strength upon great issues has
    consequently been overlooked.

32
The Influence of Sea Power Upon History
1660-1783
  • Published in 1890 - Mahans first book.
  • Based on series of Naval War College lectures.
  • Strong arguments for the U.S.
  • Maintaining naval strength during peacetime.
  • Building a fleet of capital ships.
  • Acquiring colonies abroad for secure coaling
    stations.
  • Ideas strongly appeals to
  • - Industrialists - Merchants
  • - Nationalists - Imperialists

33
Learning Objectives
  • Know the status of the U.S. Navy after the Civil
    War.
  • Know the principal changes in warship hull
    design, propulsion, and armaments during the
    period 1865-1890.
  • Know the principal milestones in the evolution of
    warship armament during the period.
  • Know principal naval weapons systems conceived or
    adopted by nations desiring inexpensive methods
    to overcome or neutralize expensive naval
    hardware, such as the capital ship.

34
Learning Objectives
  • Know the technological responses of the major
    naval powers to counter the threats of low cost
    weapons.
  • Know the reasons H.M.S. Warrior marks the
    beginning and end of this period as a major step
    in the evolution of the principal weapons of
    naval might.
  • Know congressional attitudes toward the Navy in
    this postwar period. Comprehend the changes in
    naval technology prior to World War I.

35
Learning Objectives
  • Comprehend (explain) the difficulty in
    maintaining technological leadership and the
    debate over whether to remain technologically
    current.
  • Comprehend the reasons for the rebuilding of the
    U.S. Navy and the historical conditions
    accounting for the emergence and success of
    Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan's lectures and book.

36
Discussion
Next time The Dawning of the Age of Mahan
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