The Second World War

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The Second World War
Totalitarian Dictators Nazi Expansion Japanese
Aggression Allies Peace
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Totalitarian States - total control over a nation
and dominates every aspect of life.
HOW depended on secret police force, army and
thugs to enforce policies Supported by the
masses Demanded individuals make sacrifices and
surrender rights for the good of the state -
SUPER NATIONALISM Used technology and
communication to control every aspect of life,
including education of youth. Had ONE leader and
ONE political party. ALL OTHERS WERE PURGED
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StalinMan of Steel
Lenin NEP - a taste of capitalism Stalin Succeeded
Lenin by defeating Trotsky Communism on one
Country Five Year Plans in industry and
collectivized farming Purged kulaks, political
enemies and army
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Mussolini and Fascism
Italy A divided nation that felt cheated by
Versailles Treaty and hated liberals. Fascism
found support with Middle Class and eliminated
enemies with Black Shirts March on Rome
solidified control when VEII allowed the march
and Italian Parliament resigns. Mussolini is
appointed Chancellor. A Totalitarian State?
IL DUCE
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Who was Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was born in April, 1889, in a small
Austrian town. His father was strict and often
beat his son. His mother was gentle and spoiled
Adolph. He moved to Vienna where he was exposed
to anti-Semitism and use of propaganda. In 1914
he failed his military medical exam as he was
unfit for combatant duty - too weak. Unable to
bear arms. The outbreak of WWI gave him a fresh
start. He felt that Germany was superior to other
European countries, so he volunteered for the
German Army. Although he earned medals for
bravery, (including the Medal of Honor) Hitler
never earned a higher rank than corporal. This
was due to his eccentric behavior and that the
other soldiers did not obey the man they
considered so strange. Hitler would often rage
about Jews and Marxists being the cause of the
war. In October 1918, Hitler was blinded in a
British chlorine gas attack. He was sent to a
military hospital and gradually recovered his
sight. While he was in hospital Germany
surrendered. Hitler went into a state of deep
depression, and had periods when he could not
stop crying.
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In 1920 Hitler joined the NAZI(National Socialist
German Workers Party). Hitler was only in favor
of equality for those who had "German blood".
Jews and other "aliens" should lose their rights
of citizenship. Equal rights were only to be
given to German citizens. He despised the Treaty
of Versailles, Marxism and Judaism. Hitler
formed a private army called Sturm Abteilung, SA
or brown shirts, who were instructed to disrupt
political meetings of opponents and protect
Hitler. The SA was headed by Ernst Rohm November
1923, the Bavarian government held a meeting for
3,000 officials. During a speech, Hitler and
armed SA crashed the meeting. Hitler jumped onto
a table, fired two shots in the air and told the
audience that the National Revolution had begun.
(Beer Hall Putsch)
Politician and Thug
He was arrested and given 5 years in prison. In
prison he wrote Mien Kampf My Struggle. Hitler
outlined his political philosophy arguing that
Germans (he wrongly described as the Aryan race)
were superior to all.
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• War Guilt Clause
• Reparations
• Colonies
• Rhineland
• Czechoslovakia
• Polish Corridor

Reasons Germany hated the Treaty of Versailles
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Hitler finds Support
The Great Depression From middle and lower
classes The Hitler Youth Hitler oversaw one of
the greatest expansions of industrial production
and civil improvement Germany had ever seen,
mostly based on the expansion of the military.
Hitler completed one of the largest
infrastructure-improvement campaigns in German
history with the construction of dozens of dams,
autobahns, railroads, and other civil
works. Hitler became a hero.
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Road to War
Hitlers goals space and race Appointed
Chancellor of Germany in 1933 Uses burning of
Reichstag to seize power in 1934 Ends unions and
S.A. in Night of Long Knives Used German
nationalism, Work and Bread to end the
depression Solidifies propaganda and terror -
Goebbels and Himmler
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Treaty of Versailles Falls and Hitlers Army Rises

• 1936
• Seized the Rhineland
• Rome to Berlin Axis
• 1937
• Spanish Civil War - Guernica
• 1938
• Anschluss with Austria
• Takes Sudetenland through appeasement
• Czechoslovakia falls

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Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
1939
Stalin was angered that England and France did
not include Russia at Munich Hitler promised
Russia eastern Poland Hitler got Russia to
remain neutral and avoided a 2 front battle Now
he could begin WAR
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Invasion of Poland Hitler demanded Danzig,
access to eastern Prussia through Polish
Corridor, and better treatment of German
minorities Using blitzkrieg, Hitler invaded,
England and France declared war. Appeasement was
over. Denmark, Norway,Holland Fell Designed to
protect safe passage of iron ore from
Russia Netherlands and Belgium surrender Dunkirk
- famous rescue of English
War BeginsSeptember 1, 1939
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Marginot Line Proves Ineffective
France fell to the Nazis on June 14th, 1940 Vichy
Government in the south, under Petain, signed
armistice and collaborated with Germans Free
France and Charles De Gaulle from London, vowed
to continue war with Hitler
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Battle of Britain
Operation Sea Lion Britain stood alone against
Hitler Involved the RAF and the Luftwaffe Hitler
failed to destroy RAF because he changed tactics
to bomb British cities Only strengthened British
morale
Hitler knows that he will have to break us in
this Island or lose the war. If we can stand up
to him, all Europe may be free and the life of
the world may move forward into broad, sunlit
uplands. But if we fail, then the whole world,
including the United States, including all that
we have known and cared for, will sink into the
abyss of a new Dark Age made more sinister, and
perhaps more protracted, by the lights of
perverted science. Let us therefore brace
ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves
that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth
last for a thousand years, men will still say,
'This was their finest hour.' Winston Churchill
- June 18, 1940
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War with Japan
Manchuria became a puppet state of Japan It
became the base for more Japanese aggression
Rape of Nanking Over 100,000 civilians were raped
or murdered The US declared Neutrality but Russia
and England sent supplies to help the
Chinese Jiang Jiehsa and Mao, long time enemies
joined together to fight the invaders
Great East Asia Co Prosperity Sphere became
Japans Lebenstraum
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US Chose Neutrality

• Neutrality Acts 1935 - 1937
• US could not provide weapons to warring nations
• US could not provide loans to warring nations
• US was permitted to trade with warring nations
  but only with non-military goods and the warring
  nations had to pay cash and carry the goods on
  their own ships
• CASH AND CARRY

• By 1939 Opinion changed after Poland
• France and England got weapons
• American merchant ships could transport goods
• After France fell in 1940
• US sent 50 old destroyers to England and built
  bases on British territory
• American First Committee formed to stop further
  aid
• Lend Lease Act - President could aid any nation
  whose defense was vital to US security. Were
  coming Britain.

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Pearl Harbor A day that will live in Infamy.
Franklin D. Roosevelt transferred the United
States Fleet to Pearl Harbor as a deterrent to
Japanese aggression. The Japanese Navy secretly
sent a carrier force across the Pacific with
greater aerial striking power than had ever been
seen. Its planes hit just before 8AM on 7
December. Within a short time five of eight
battleships were sunk or sinking, with the rest
damaged. Several other ships and most
Hawaii-based combat planes were also knocked out
and over 2400 Americans were dead. Soon after,
Japanese planes eliminated much of the American
air force in the Philippines.
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Mobilizing for War

• Daily Life
• Office of Price Administration
• Rationing
• Victory Gardens

Armed Forces Selective Service
Act GI Diversity Women

• Economy
• War Production Board
• Office of War Mobilization
• Ford
• Kaiser
• Workforce
• Financing

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War in North Africa
Tank Warfare The players Rommel, Montgomery and
Patton Egypt - Rommel rescues Italian forces,
drives back British El Alamein - Rommel
endangered Suez, defeated by Montgomery Morocco
and Algeria - Operation Torch. Germans caught
between American forces under Patton and British
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Liberation of Italy
Control of North Atlantic allowed the Invasion of
Italy July 1943 English American forces
invade Sicily Mussolini overthrown and Italy
declares war on Germany Germans and occupy
Northern Italy Anzio Americans landed behind
German lines here, 35 miles from Rome and were
trapped. Attacked by Germans, it took four
months to break through at a cost of tens of
thousands of soldiers
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Operation Barbarossa

• June 22, 1941
• Hitler invaded Russia on three fronts
  Leningrad in the north, Moscow in the center, and
  Ukraine in the south
• Stalin was caught off guard. Some Russians who
  suffered under Stalin welcomed the Germans as
  liberators
• Stalin launched his own propaganda war and
  ordered destruction of anything that could help
  the enemy
• Convinced the Allies to attack Italy the soft
  underbelly of the Axis powers to take pressure
  off USSR
• Battle of Stalingrad
• Russians make a stand in fierce house to house
  combat. Soviets take advantage of cold winters
  and attack Germans who are ordered to Not
  Retreat. Germans lost 330,000 troops, Soviets
  1,100,000

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Allies Invade Europe
June 6, 1944 Operation Overlord Americans landed
at Omaha and Utah Beach British met least
resistance at Gold, Juno ad Sword Opened up a 2
front war against Germany and turned the tide of
the war in Europe
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Battle of the Bulge

• Germans attack American forces in Ardennes Forest
  using 15 year olds
• US First Army pushed back creating a bulge in
  Allied lines
• Pattons third Army joined the battle and knocked
  the Germans back
• Largest battle in W. Europe and largest ever
  fought by US Army.
• Allies lost 80,000
• Nazis knew it was over now

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The Grand Alliance a.k.a.The
Big Three Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin

• Strategies
• Hitler first
• Military needs above political agendas
• Unconditional Surrender

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May 8th 1945 - Victory in Europe

• Germany surrendered
• Eva Braun and Hitler took their own lives. Their
  bodies were doused with gasoline and burned
  rather than taken by Stalin.

General Alfred Jodl, Chief of the Operations
Staff in the German High Command, signs the
document of unconditional German surrender at
General Eisenhower's Headquarters in Reims,
France, May 7, 1945.
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Hitlers New Order

• Nordics
• Seen as acceptable, many were brought to Germany
  as wives
• Slavs
• Inferior race, their land would become living
  space for the Aryan race and the center of
  Hitlers plans to annihilate the Jews
• Lidice
• punished for harboring murdered of Heydrich

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The Jewish Problem

• Nuremberg Laws
• Protection of German Blood and Honour prohibited
  extra-marital intercourse between the two
• Defined a Jew
• 3 - 4 Jewish grandparents Jew
• 2-1 Jewish grandparents mixed blood
• Excluded Jews from German citizenship
• Laws passed in Reichstag by Enabling Act
• Remember his goals
• Space now Race

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Kristallnacht
Warsaw Ghetto
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Einstazgruppenelite SS mobile death
unitfollowed the German army into the Soviet
Union, murdering Jews
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The Final Solution- Wannsee Conference
Himmler
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Death Camps
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Zyklon B in Gas Chambers
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Crematoriums
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Liberation
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Nuremberg Trials
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Bataan Death March

• Battle of Bataan
• America Lost control of the Philippines
• 72,000 surrendered in poor condition-had to be
  moved from Bataan to Camp ODonnell
• Of 90 miles, some forced to walk 57
• Only 54,000 survived
• American survivors sent to prison camps in Japan,
  Korea, and Manchuria
• Mac Arthur
• I shall return

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War in the Pacific

• Battle of Coral Sea
• May 4, 1942, Japanese convoy was detected at New
  Guinea near Australia. If it fell, the Allies
  would be demoralized. US broke naval code and
  knew plan of attack. Only battle in naval
  history fought entirely by planes from an
  aircraft carrier
• Battle of Midway
• June 1942 turning point in Pacific War.
  Japan hoped to take Midway as a base to attack
  Hawaii. US code breakers discovered the plan.
  On June 4th, US sank 4 Japanese carriers. First
  Japanese defeat
• Guadalcanal

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Now Japan

• Iwo Jima
• Operation Detachment
• Threatened US bombing raids on Japan, warned
  Japan about raids, could be used as a base to
  invade Japan
• Japanese dug into tunnels and told to kill 10
  Americans each
• On Feb 23, Marines reached top of Mount Suribachi
  and planted this flag
• US lost 7,000 men. This convinced Truman that an
  invasion of Japan would be too costly
• Okinawa - Kamikazes

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The Power of the Atomic BombThe Manhattan Project
Now I am become Death, the destroyer of
worldsOppenheimer

• Why did we use it?
• Invasion of Japan would be too costly
• Would deter the Soviets with a show of power
• On August 6th the Enola Gay dropped the bomb
  (Little Boy) on Hiroshima
• On August 9th, a second bomb (Fat Man) was
  dropped on Nagasaki
• August 14th Japan surrenders