AMMONIA CHEMISTRY

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AMMONIA CHEMISTRYFREE NICOTINE

• J.S. WIGAND, Ph.D., MAT
• SMOKE-FREE KIDS

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DRUG DELIVERY DEVICE

• WHEN USED AS INTENDED KILLS
• FRANK STATEMENT-1954
• WE ACCEPT AN INTEREST IN PEOPLES HEALTH AS A
  BASIC RESPONSIBILITY, APARMOUNT TO EVERY OTHER
  CONSIDERATION IN OUR BUSINES
• WE BELIEVE THE PRODUCTS WE MAKE ARE NOT INJURIOUS
  TO HEALTH,
• WE ALWAYS HAVE AND ALWAYS WILL COOPERATE WITH
  THOSE TASK IT IS TO SAFEGUARD THE PUBLIC HEALTH

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CIGARETTE DESIGNUSA BLENDED BRANDS

• BLEND CONFIGURATION
• BURLEY/AIR CURED
• FLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA (F/C)
• ORIENTAL
• ADD-ONS
• EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)
• RECLAIM/SHORTS
• STEMS
• WATER TREATED STEMS ( WTS)
• SHREDDED DRY STEMS (SDS)
• RECON
• PAPER
• BAND CAST

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TYPICAL BLENDED CIGARETTE

• BURLEY/FLUE CURED (45/55) 45-50
• F/C SKEWED BLEND
• ORIENTAL 5
• RECON 25-30
• BAND CAST 15-20
• PAPER 10-15
• /w /s DAP
• ET 5-10
• SHORTS lt 5
• STEMS lt 5

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OTHER TYPES OF TOBACCO

• DARK AIR CURED
• MARYLAND
• FIRE CURED
• SUN CURED
• Y-1
• CIGAR TYPES
• FILLER
• BINDER
• WRAPPER

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TOBACCO ALKALOIDS

• CONCENTRATION BASED ON
• STALK POSITION
• METHOD OF SUCKERING
• MANUAL v. CHEMICAL
• TOPPING
• CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
• 450 N AND 300 N
• SEPARATE BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAY
• NITROGEN DEPENDENT
• EXIST AS THE MALIC OR CITRATE SALTS/PROTONATED
• PRINCIPLE TOBACCO ALKALOIDS
• NICOTINE 95
• NORNICOTINE 3-5
• MYSOMINE lt1
• ANATABINE lt1
• ANASABINE lt1

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CHEMICAL MANAGEMENT OF TOBACCO-FIELD TO CIGARETTE

• MALEIC HYDRAZINE (MH-30/40/50)
• ABSCISIC ACID
• KABAT
• ETHYLENE
• UREAS
• WEED CONTROL
• HERBICIDES
• ANILINES
• THIOCARBAMATES (ETU)
• AMIDES
• QUINOLINES

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TOBACCO CHARACTERISTICSBLENDED BRANDS

• BURLEY/AIR CURED
• GROWN IN KY, IN,OH, MO, WV
• BROWN TO REDDISH IN COLOR
• NICOTINE CONTENT 0-4.5 w/w
• LOW SUGAR CONTENT
• HIGH NITRATE CONTENT
• K-14 BEST KNOWN BUT THERE ARE 20 CULTIVARS
• FLUE CURED/VIRGINIA/BRIGHT LEAF
• GROWN IN VA, NC, SC
• YELLOW-REDDISH-ORANGE IN COLOR
• NICOTINE CONTENT 2-7 w/w
• HIGH IN REDUCING SUGARS

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TOBACCO CHARACTERISTICSBLENDED BRANDS

• ORIENTAL/TURKISH
• LOW SUGARS
• NOMINAL NICOTINE CONCENTRATION
• HIGH IN AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
• ISOVALERIC ACID
• VOLATILE ACIDS
• RECON
• PAPER (SCHWEITZER PROCESS)
• TOBACCO PULPED
• HOT WATER EXTRACTED (MOTHER LIQUOR)
• EXTRACT TREATED OFF LINE WITH ADDITIVES
• REACTED EXTRACT REAPPLIED TO PAPER
• CUT INTO IRREGULAR STRIPS

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BLEND CHARACTERISTICS

• RECON
• BAND CAST
• TOBACCO SOURCE PULPED WITH ADDITIVES
• POURED OUT INTO A DOCTOR BLADE
• SPREAD ON A MOVING S/S CONVEYOR BELT
• HEAT DRIED IN STAGES
• CUT INTO IRREGULAR PIECES
• EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET)
• DRY ICE (CARBON DIOXIDE) EXPANDED TOBACCO (DIET)
• AMMONIUM CARBONATE EXPANDED TOBACCO (ACET)
• STEMS
• LAMINA

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BLEND CHARACTERISTICS

• STEMS (GLT)
• WATER TREATED STEMS (WTS)
• SHREDDED DRY STEMS (SDS)
• RECLAIM
• FIELD RETURNS
• MOISTURE lt 11
• SHORTS
• WINNOWERS

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RECONSTITUTED TOBACCORECON

• SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
• OFFAL(GLT/PRIMARY)
• SHORTS
• STEMS
• RECLAIM
• UNIQUE TOBACCO CULTIVARS

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AMMONIA BASED ADDITIVESACID-BASE pH CHEMISTRY

• DIAMMONIUM PHOSPAHTE (DAP)
• (NH4 )2 HPO4
• UREA
• (NH3)2CO
• AMMONIUM (X)
• (NH4) X
• SODIUM CARBONATE Na2CO3
• Na2CO3 HEAT Na2O
• Na2O H2O NaOH
• NH3 (GAS)

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DIAMMONIUM PHOSPHATEDAP

• CAS 7783-28-0
• CHEMICAL NAMES
• AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC
• DIAMMONIUM HYDROGEN PHOSPHATE
• SECONDARY AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE
• PRODUCT USES
• FLAME RETARDANT
• CORROSION INHIBITOR
• pH ADJUSTMENT IN TOBACCO PRODUCTS
• HEALTH EFFECTS
• OSHA CLASSIFIED AS HAZARDOUS MATERIAL
• IRRITANT
• EYE
• SKIN
• 1 AQUEOUS SOLUTION
• pH 8

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DAPTOBACCO THERMAL CHEMISTRY

• DAP IN THE PRESENCE OF
• H2O
• 3100 F
• TOBACCO PRYROLYSIS CONDITIONS
• MOISTURE CONTENT 14.5
• STATIC BURN RATE TEMPERATURE 3500 C
• ACTIVE COMBUSTION TEMPERATURE 650-9000C
• THERMAL CHEMICAL RX
• (NH4)2 HPO4 HEAT (PO)X (N0)X NH3 (GAS)

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WHY AMMONIA CHEMISTRY ?ACID-BASE REACTIONS

• BLEND NICOTINE RELEASE
• ESTABLISH EQUILIBRIUM OF BLEND ALKALOIDS
• NICOTINE MIGRATION/SCAVENGING
• NICOTINE SALTS DE-PROTONATED TO FREE BASE
• SMOKE pH MANIPULATION
• FREE NICOTINE
• THREE IONIC STATES DEPENDANT ON pH
• TWO DISTINCT pKa
• DIPROTONATED (CITRIC/MALIC)
• MONO-PROTONATED
• FREE BASE

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FREE NICOTINE

• CHARACTERISTICS
• GASEOUS STATE OF MATTER
• INCREASED MAGNITUDE AND RATE UPTAKE
• INCREASED DEPOSITION EFFICIENCY
• NOT DETECTED BY FTC METHOD
• FASTER TO THE BRAIN
• FASTER ADDICTION VIA FREE BASE

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MEASUREMENT TAR NICOTINE
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NICOTINE MANIPULATIONFREE NICOTINE AND pH
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NITROSAMINE FORMATION

• CHEMICAL REACTIONS
• POST HAVESTING SENESCENCE
• CHEMICAL AGING
• ETHYLENE TX
• NATURAL/PROPANE GAS HEAT
• FIRE CURED
• NITRATE FROM FERTILIZERS
• NH4 NO2 NO2-
• NO2 NICOTINE TSNA

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TOBACCO SPECIFIC NITROSAMINESNITROSOLATION OF
TOBACCO ALKALOIDS

• ONLY FOUND IN TOBACCO
• CHEWING TOBACCO
• SMOKING TOBACCO
• SNUFF
• NNN NICOTINE/NORNICOTINE
• NNK NICOTINE
• NNA NICOTINE
• NAB ANASABINE
• NAT ANATABINE
• NNAL NNK
• iso-NNAL NNA
• iso-NNAC NNA

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GLOSSARY of TERMS

• RECON-RECONSTITUTED TOBACCO SHEET
• GLT-GREEN LEAF TRASHING PLANT
• ET- EXPANDED TOBACCO
• SHORTS-SMALL TOBACCO PARTICLES DUE TO HIGH SPEED
  CONVEYOR BELT MOVEMENT
• RECLAIM- OUTDATED PRODUCT RETURNS FROM CONSUMER
  OUTLETS
• OFFAL- TOBACCO DUST FROM MANUFACTURING PLANT
• TSNA-TOBACCO SPECIFIC NITROSAMINES (POTENT
  TOBACCO CARCINOGEN)