HUNTING AND GATHERING,

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• HUNTING AND
  GATHERING,
• AND THE ORIGINS OF
  AGRICULTURE
• History and civilization
• Prehistory and CULTURE
• III. Culture as mode of ecological adaptation
  how food is
• procured
• A. Hunting and gathering
• (1) Nomadic
• (2) Small kin groups (lt 50 people)
• (3) Egalitarian with division of labor
  (Women gather
• men hunt.)
• (4) Little room for experimentation,
  therefore no
• complex society

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B. Fisherfolk (1) Settled near bodies of
water (2) Larger communities but still
relatively small C. AGRICULTURE (1) Began
ca. 9500 B.C.E. in N. Syria and S.E. Turkey
(2) Domestication of wild plants and animals
(3) NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
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(4) Obsidian and seashells as clues to spread of
agricultural technology through trade


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D. The NATUFIANS hunter-gatherers in
Jordan/Israel, ca. 10,500 B.C.E. (1) Ate
wider variety of plants and small animals (2)
Storage pits (3) Stone mortars for
processing plants (4) Burials (5) Had
reached limits of hunter-gatherer lifestyle
(6) Agriculture not necessarily a precondition
for large, sedentary population
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E. Agriculture outside the Middle East (1) SE
Asia ca. 7000 B.C.E. no rice! (2) C.
America ca. 7000 B.C.E. corn (maize) (3)
N. China ca. 5000 B.C.E. various crops,
including rice (introduced from SE
Asia) (4) Andes Mts. (S. America) ca. 3500
B.C.E. corn, beans, squash (introduced
from C. America), peanuts, potatoes (5) W.
Africa ca. 2000 B.C.E. root crops, e.g.,
sweet potato (introduced from SE Asia)
5000 B.C.E.
7000 B.C.E.
2000 B.C.E.
7000 B.C.E.
3500 B.C.E.
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IV. Pastoralism herding livestock A.
Occurs in deserts and steppes B. Relatively
small, nomadic populations C. Ambivalent
relationship with settled agricultural societies