Section 2: Population Geography

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Chapter 4

• Section 2 Population Geography

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Population Geography

• Distribution of World Population
• Population Statistics
• Population Pyramids
• Worldwide Population Growth
• Overpopulation
• Population Density
• Population Control

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World and Country Population Totals

• Distribution and Structure 3/4 of people live on
  5 of earth's surface!
• Total 6 billion on planet as of Oct. 12, 1999
• Five most populous regions and countries
• REGION POPULATION COUNTRY POPULATION
• East Asia 1.5 billion China 1.299 billion
• S.Asia 1.2 billion India 1.065 billion
• Europe 750 million U.S. 293 million
• SE Asia 500 million Indonesia 238 million
• East N. A. 120 million Brazil 184 million

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Population Characteristics

• Birth Rate the number of live births per
  thousand population.
• Fertility Rate the average number of children a
  woman can have in her lifetime, if she had
  children at the current rate for her country.
• Mortality Rate the number of deaths per
  thousand.

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Fertility Rates

• 2.1 is generally regarded as a replacement rate
  (the rate at which a population neither grows nor
  shrinks) in the developed world. In less
  developed countries this rate should be higher
  (2.8?).
• World 2.59
• USA 2.09
• China 1.73
• High infant mortality tends to result in higher
  fertility rates as families seek insurance for
  the loss of children.

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Infant Mortality
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Population Characteristics

• Rate of natural increase the birthrate minus the
  mortality rate. This gives you the population
  growth rate.

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Rates of Natural Increase
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Doubling Times
The doubling time is the number of years before a
population will be twice as large as it is
today. World 1.1 growth Double Time 65
years U.S. 0.91 Double Time 76 years China
0.59 Double Time 99 years
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Population and Resource Consumption
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Population Zone

• Almost 2/3 of the worlds population lives in the
  zone between 20N and 60N.

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20
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• Rural areas more than half the worlds
  population live in these areas.
• Ex farms, far from urban centers
• Urban areas cities, suburbs.

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Push-Pull Factors

• Push factors are things that cause people to
  leave their homeland.
• Examples are droughts, natural disasters,
  political turmoil, war, or ethnic/religious
  persecution.

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Push-Pull Factors

• Pull factors are things that attract people to a
  location.
• Examples are strong economy, high salaries,
  favorable climate or individual rights.

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Population Density

• The average number of people who live in a
  measurable area such as a square mile.

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Most Densely Populated Countries

• Rank - Population per square mile
• Monaco 42,649
• Singapore 18,476
• Malta 3,205
• Maldives 2,760
• Bahrain 2,746
• Bangladesh 2,579

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Least Densely Populated Countries

• Rank Population per square mile
• Mongolia 4.5
• Namibia 5.7
• Australia 6.6
• Botswana 7.0
• Suriname 7.0
• Mauritania 7.1

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Carrying Capacity

• This is the number of organisms a piece of land
  can support.

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Population Control

• What can we do?
• Resource availability?
• Is overpopulation inevitable?

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Chapter 4

• Section 3 Political Geography

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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY

• A subfield within the human branch of geography
• The study of the interaction of geographical area
  and political process
• It is the formal study of territoriality.

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STATE

• A independent unit.
• Occupies specific territory
• Full control of its internal and external affairs
• Often the term country is used to mean state

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Nation or Nation-State

• Nation a group of people with common culture
  living in a territory and having a strong sense
  of unity.
• Nation-State A Nation and a State occupy the
  same territory.

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NATION - STATE

• A country whose population possesses a
  substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and
  unity.

Classic Example of a Nation-State Japan
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NATION
Must a nation be a place?

• Some examples of stateless nations the Cherokee
  Nation, the Kurds, the Palestinians, and the
  Basques.

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Governments

• Democracy
• Monarchy
• Dictatorship
• Communism

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Democracy

• Citizens hold power, either directly or through
  elected representatives.
• Example - United States

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Monarchy

• A ruling family headed by a king or queen holds
  political power and may or may not share the
  power with citizen bodies.
• Example sharing United Kingdom
• Example not sharing Saudi Arabia

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King Abdullah
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Dictatorship

• An individual or group holds complete political
  power.
• Example North Korea, Coach McDougle

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Communism

• All political power and means of production is
  controlled by the government in the name of the
  people.
• Example - China

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Geographic Characteristics of Nations

• SIZE
• What role does size play?
• What are the most powerful nations on earth
  today?
• What were the most powerful nations on earth 200
  years ago?

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Geographic Characteristics

• Shape
• Compact
• Elongated
• Fragmented
• Perforated

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Geographic Characteristics

• Location
• Access to water?
• Landlocked?
• Friendly neighbors?
• Hostile neighbors?

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How Many Americans View the World
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Cartoon Bushs View of the World Problem some
former allies later seen as evil
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Territorial Boundaries

• Natural Boundaries
• Rio Grande
• Red River
• Gulf of Mexico
• Artificial Boundaries
• New Mexico
• Oklahoma
• Louisiana

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Urban Geography

• The study of how people use space in cities.

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1. Cities

• Cities are not just areas with large populations
• They are also centers of business and culture
• They are often the birthplace of change in a
  society

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2. Urban Areas

• An urban area develops around a main city, called
  the central city

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3. Suburbs

• The built-up area around the central city may
  include suburbs
• Political units touching the borders of the
  central city or touching other suburbs that touch
  the city
• Within commuting distance of the city
• Smaller cities or towns with open land between
  them and the central city are called exurbs.

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4. Metropolitan Area

• The city, its suburbs, and exurbs linked together
  economically form a functional area called a
  metropolitan area.
• Several metropolitan areas grown together are
  called a Megalopolis, such as Dallas.

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5. Urbanization

• The dramatic rise in the number of cities and the
  changes in lifestyle that result.

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6. City Locations

• Cities can be found in places that allow good
  transportation.
• Others can be found with easy access to natural
  resources.
• Cities are often places where goods are shifted
  from one form of transportation to another.

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7. Land Use Patterns

• Urban geographers also study land use, the
  activities that take place in cities.
• Residential housing
• Industrial manufacturing of goods
• Commercial private businesses and the buying
  and selling of goods

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8. Central Business District

• The core of a city is almost always based on
  commercial activity.
• This area of the city is called the CBD.
• Business offices and stores are found in this
  part of the city.
• The land value of the CBD is very high.

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The Functions of Cities

• Retail
• Entertainment
• Government services
• Transportation
• Education
• Cultural activities
• Business
• Manufacturing
• Wholesaling
• Residential
• Recreation

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Units of Government

• The three most common local units of government
  are cities, towns, villages.

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Economic Geography
Fiat Factory, Italy
New York Stock Exchange
Chemist in Laboratory
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Economic Geography

• An economy is the production and exchange of
  goods and services among a group of people.
• The way people produce and exchange goods and
  services is called an economic system.

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Types of Economic Systems

• Traditional Trading without exchanging money
  (bartering)
• Command Production determined by central
  government, which usually owns the means of
  production
• Market Production determined by demand from
  consumers
• Mixed Combination of command and market
  economies

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Economic Activities

• Primary Gathering raw materials
• Secondary Manufacturing (changing form of raw
  materials)
• Tertiary Providing business or professional
  services
• Quaternary Providing information, management or
  technological service

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Natural Resources

• Materials on or in the earth that have economic
  value
• Renewable Can be replaced
• Non-renewable Can never be replaced once they
  are used
• Inexhaustible unlimited in quantity

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Infrastructure

• Basic support systems needed to keep an economy
  going, such as power, communications,
  transportation, water, sanitation, and education
  systems.

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Economic Strength Measures

• Per Capita Income average amount of money
  earned by each person in a political unit.
• Gross National Product (GNP) total value of all
  goods and services produced by a country
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) total value of all
  goods and services produced within a country

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Richest Countries in the World

• Rank by per capita income
• Luxembourg 55,100
• Norway 37,800
• United States 37,800
• San Marino 34,600
• Switzerland 32,700
• Denmark 31,100

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Poorest Countries in the World

• Rank by per capita income
• East Timor 500
• Somalia 500
• Sierra Leone 500
• Malawi 600
• Tanzania 600
• Burundi 600

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Largest Economies in the World

• Rank by Gross Domestic Product
• United States 11,750,000,000,000
• China 7,262,000,000,000
• Japan 3,745,000,000,000
• India 3,319,000,000,000
• Germany 2,362,000,000,000
• United Kingdom 1,782,000,000,000