Definitions and Classifications in Nanotechnology

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Definitions and Classifications in Nanotechnology

• The ISO Approach
• Clive Willis

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The Mandate and Scope forISO TC 229

• ISO Technical Committee 229
• Science-based standards for nanotechnology to
  promote commercial applications in a secure and
  safe manner.

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The ChallengeBackground, Rationale and Construct
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Secure, Safe Commercial Applications

• Clear what is being discussed and transacted.
• Confirm what is being transacted.
• Ensure consumers and citizens that what is being
  transacted is safe.
• Define what products are being supplied.

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BackgroundNeed for a coherent set of standards
for describing nanotechnology, its transactions
and security today and in the future

• Typically, ISO standards are developed once
  significant market activity has been in place.
• Terms, definitions, metrology and good practices
  then drawn from relatively well-establish current
  usage.
• Early standards require much more disciplined
  approach.
• Terms, definitions, metrology and good practices
  established within a framework that captures the
  scientific basis upon which the technologies will
  be developed.
• Early frameworks must be established within a
  reasonable prediction of how the field may
  develop.

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Background The Challenge is substantial

• Still relatively few products on world markets
  hence the need to prescribe rather than describe.
• Significant public interest/concern in
  nanotechnology enabled consumer products.
• Citizens need assurance that there will be no
  negative impacts on health, the environment and
  the quality of life.
• National governments place a high priority on the
  establishment of appropriate regulatory systems
  for nanotechnology .
• Standards must be reasonably harmonized on a
  global basis.

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Meeting those Needs

• JWG 1 terminology and nomenclature
• common language for scientific, technical,
  commercial and regulatory processes
• JWG 2 measurement and characterisation
• internationally accepted basis for quantitative
  scientific, commercial and regulatory activities
• WG 3 health, safety and environmental
• occupational safety
• consumer and environmental protection
• good practice in the production, use and disposal
  of nano-materials, nanotechnology products and
  nanotechnology-enabled systems and products.
• WG 4 materials specification

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Terminology and nomenclature
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ISO TC 229 JWG 1 Mandate and Scope

• A taxonomic terminology for describing and
  defining nanotechnologies in a clear and
  unambiguous manner
• Possible models for a nomenclature framework as a
  basis for regulatory systems.

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Terminology Strategic Action Plan
Base Definitions
Nano-films
Nano-coatings
Nanoscale
Terminology carbon nanostructures
Nanoscale effect
Terminology nano-bio interface
Terminology - nanoparticles
Nanoscience
Nano-processes
Nanoscale objects
Nanostructured materials
Nanotechnologies
Nanomaterials
Terminology - nanomaterials
Nano-production
Complex assemblies
Terminology - nanostructures
Framework and core terms
Terminology - nanomanufacturing
Nomenclature model
Nanomedical devices
Nanosensors
Nanomeasurement
Terminology medical and consumer
Devices and applications
Nanomeasurement tools
Nanometrology
Nanoelectronic devices
Nanophotonic devices
Terminology nanoscale measurement
(IEC) Vocabulary - electrotechnical
(IEC) Terminology nano-optics
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Terminology Program Evolution

• Terminology Nano-objects -UK lead
  published 2008
• Terminology Framework -Canada lead due
  2009
• Terminology Carbon nanomaterials -Japan lead
  due 2009
• Outline of Nanomaterials Classification -Iran
  lead due 2009
• Terminology Bio-nano interface -UK lead
  due 2010
• Terminology Medical, health and personal care
  -UK lead due 2010
• Terminology Measurement/instrumentation
  -Australia lead due 2010
• Terminology Core terms -Canada lead due
  2010
• Terminology Nanostructured materials -Germany
  lead due 2011
• Terminology Nanomanufacturing processes -USA/UK
  lead NWIP
• Terminology Nano-enabled electrotechnical
  products (TC113) future
• Terminology Nano-optics and nano-photonics
  (TC113) future
• Terminology Nanocoatings future
• Terminology Nanofilms future
• Nomenclature Model - Canada lead -Task Group
  (pre-NWIP) future

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Core Term Definitions

• nanoscale size range from approximately 1 nm to
  100 nm
• Properties that are not extrapolations from a
  larger size will typically, but not exclusively,
  be exhibited in this size range. For such
  properties the size limits are considered
  approximate.
• The lower limit in this definition (approximately
  1 nm) is introduced to avoid single and small
  groups of atoms from being designated as
  nano-objects or elements of nanostructures, which
  might be implied by the absence of a lower limit.
• Working Definitions
• nanotechnology the application of scientific
  knowledge to control and utilize matter at the
  nanoscale, where size-related properties and
  phenomena can emerge.
• nanoscience the systematic study and
  understanding of matter, properties and phenomena
  related to the nanoscale.

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Core Term Definitions Nanomaterials

• nano-object material with one, two or three
  external dimensions in the nanoscale
• Generic term for all discrete nanoscale objects.
• nanostructured materials
• nanofilms
• nanocoatings
• complex nanostructured assemblies

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Core Term Definitions Nano-objects

• Nanoparticle nano-object with all three external
  dimensions in the nanoscale
• Nanofibre nano-object with two similar external
  dimensions in the nanoscale and the third
  dimension significantly larger
• Nanoplate nano-object with one external
  dimension in the nanoscale and the two other
  external dimensions significantly larger
• Nanotube hollow nanofibre
• Nanorod solid nanofibre
• Nanowire electrically conducting or
  semi-conducting nanofibre
• Quantum dot crystalline nanoparticle that
  exhibits size-dependent properties due to quantum
  confinement effects on the electronic states

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Core Term Definitions Nano-objects (continued)

• nano-onion spherical nanoparticle with
  concentric multiple shell structures
• nanocone cone-shaped nano-object with two
  characteristic dimensions (diameters) in the
  nanoscale
• Nanocone usually refers to a hollow object in the
  field of carbon nano-objects.
• nanoribbon nanofibre with one of its shorter
  dimensions much smaller than the other

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Definitions Carbon nano-objects

• fullerene molecule composed solely of an even
  number of carbon atoms, which form a closed
  cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with
  twelve five-membered rings and the rest
  six-membered rings .
• fullerene derivative compound that is formed
  from a fullerene molecule by modifying its
  structure and/or attaching an atom or a group of
  atoms
• endohedral fullerene fullerene derivative with
  an additional atom or atoms enclosed within the
  fullerene shell
• metallofullerene endohedral fullerene with a
  trapped metal ion or ions
• carbon nano-onion nano-onion composed of carbon

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Definitions Carbon nano-objects

• carbon nanofibre nanofibre composed of carbon
• graphitic nanofibre nanofibre composed of
  graphitic layer structures
• carbon nanotube nanotube composed of carbon
  (Usually consisting of curved graphene layers).
• single-wall carbon nanotube carbon nanotube of a
  single cylindrical graphene layer
• multiwall carbon nanotube carbon nanotube
  composed of concentrically nested multiple
  graphene sheets with interlayer distances similar
  to those of graphite
• double-wall carbon nanotube carbon nanotube
  composed of two concentrically nested single-wall
  carbon nanotubes,

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Definitions Carbon nano-objects

• cup-stack carbon nanotube carbon nanotube
  composed of stacked truncated graphene nanocones.
  
• carbon nanopeapod linear array of fullerene
  molecules or derivatives enclosed in a carbon
  nanotube
• carbon nanoribbon nanoribbon composed of
  carbon, in particular, of graphene layers
• carbon nanohorn irregular carbon nanotube-like
  nano-object with a nanocone apex

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Definitions other nanoscale carbon materials

• diamond nanoparticles related to a big group of
  carbon materials with very different production
  methods (explosive methods, chemical vapor
  deposition, physical vapor deposition and
  others), appearance, size, properties and
  application.
• carbon films used commercially in the coatings
  industry to impart certain properties to
  materials - can be produced using a variety of
  different techniques such as cathodic arc,
  magnetron sputtering amongst others.
• carbon black industrially manufactured colloidal
  carbon material in the form of spheres and of
  their aggregates with sizes below 1000 nm.

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Terminology framework fields of activity
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Terminology framework nanomaterials
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Terminology framework nanoprocesses
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Nomenclature Models

• ISO TC 229 is exploring potential models for
  Nomenclature for nanomaterials
• Will likely collaborate with IUPAC to ensure
  appropriate treatment of chemical aspects
• Moving forward deliberately but cautiously

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Definitions and Classifications in NanoBuisiness
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Transaction requirements

• Unambiguous description of what product/device is
  in hand
• Structural information
• Functional information
• Chemical information
• How the product/device was produced
• Production methodology
• Sample purification
• Measurement methodology
• What regulatory regime is involved
• New Chemical?

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Pre-existing products/devices

• Nanomaterials and other devices that have been on
  the market for many years
• Material specifications should be well known BUT
  measurement techniques may provide new insights
• Use in new applications may produce unexpected
  results
• EHS requirements may be upgraded due to nano
  designation
• What about new nomenclature approach for
  nanomaterials
• Regulation regimes for nanotechnology are likely
  to be different to existing approaches for
  chemicals
• Existing products/devices may be treated
  differently

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Next Steps

• Developing a full-scale integrated terminology
  database.
• Moving towards the various domains of
  application.
• Maintaining terminology framework current to
  ensure coherency.
• Continuing to monitor scientific advances.
• Working closely with regulatory interests to
  ensure appropriate development of nomenclature
  options.