Building Green: Green Building Materials

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Global carbon cycle reservoirs, fluxes and
processes
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IPCC 2001
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Global Carbon Cycle
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Carbon cycle Role of biota Key
processes Photosynthesis Autotrophic
respiration Aerobic oxidation Anaerobic
oxidation Methanogenesis
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Reservoir sizes in pedagram or gigatons
carbon Geological reservoir includes
only estimated extractable reserves
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Carbon dioxide in glacial ice cores
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Carbon dioxide records from ice cores
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Carbon dioxide records ice cores and
measured
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Rise in Atmospheric CO2
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What are the driving forces?

• Population growth
• Based on UN estimates collecting info from every
  country using
• Census data
• Historical growth
• Policies

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Carbon Emissions Per Person
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5
4
3
Tons of Carbon, per person
2
1
0
U.S.
Russia
E.U.
Japan
China
India
Africa
Sources World Resources Institute Underlying
data source U.S. DOE, Energy Information
Administration, International Energy Annual 1999.
Notes Shows carbon emissions associated
with fossil fuel combustion.
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What are the driving forces?

• Economic growth
• Estimate growth rate country by country
• Rate of development?
• Constraints?
• Policies

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Transportation systems
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Carbon emissions from US industry
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What are the driving forces?

• Energy Requirements
• Fuels that feed our system

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Fuel sources for power plants coal, gas, oil,
biomass
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What are the driving forces?

• Land Use Change
• Deforestation
• Mostly in tropical forests
• Reforestation
• Temperate forests now significantly managed
• Afforestation
• Land that was in other biomes now used for forest

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Land Use Change
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Deforestation and Biomass burning
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Brazil
1975
2001
Source UNEP
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US Air Force DMSP
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Recent CO2 Emissions
Climate change The big emitters
http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3143798.stm
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Global Methane Budget
M tons C/yr Tg C /yr
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Global Methane Sources
M tons C/yr Tg C /yr
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Methane Cycle
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Methane and carbon dioxide releases from
arctic regions
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Methane Emissions
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US Methane Emissions

• CH4 from Energy (as of 2002)
• Natural Gas 6.7 M metric tons
• Coal Mining 2.9 M metric tons
• Petroleum 1.0 M metric tons
• Stationary combustion 0.36 M metric tons
• Mobile combustion 0.19 M metric tons

7,800 abandoned coal mines since 1980 emitting
CH4
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US Methane Emissions

• Waste Management
• Landfills 6.3 M metric tons
• Wastewater treatment 0.7 M metric tons

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US Methane Emissions

• Agriculture
• Directly from animals 5.0 M metric tons
• From animal waste 2.5 M metric tons

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Summary

• Understanding the drivers allows us to figure out
  solutions that influence sources
• Major drivers are
• Population
• Energy Intensity
• Energy Choices
• Economic Growth

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• OceanicCarbon Cycle

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Relevance

• Oceanic C storage
• Most important compartment
• Will be where most of past, current and future
  emissions end up
• Determines rate at which past, current and future
  emissions will be stored
• Can be an important for C storage solutions

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OCEANS Largest rapidly exchanging pools of
C Exchange at air-water interface followed by
deep mixing Settling of particles of inorganic
and organic C sequester C in sediments
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Air-Water Exchange

• Air-Water Flux (F)

gs gas exchange coefficient mol/m2 atm yr
As area of surface ocean m2 PCO2
Partial pressure of CO2 (superscript a atm,
s surface ocean)
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Exchange of gasses across air-water interface
Magnitude and direction of gas flux depends
on Concentration difference between
atmosphere and water Transport
processes at interface Disequilibrium between
atmosphere and water caused by Changes in
temperature and salinity Production or
consumption of gases by biological and
chemical processes Transport processes at
air-water interface related - Wind speed and
associated turbulence Surface waves Surface
slicks (organic films) Rain
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Transport Mechanisms Horizontal and vertical
movements of water Turbulent exchanges Sinking
of particles
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Ocean Vertical Mixing
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Ocean Biogeochemistry
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Ocean Biogeochemistry

• Chemical systems
• Carbon, as Dissolved Inorgnic C and CaCO3
• Organic Matter
• Biological Production of Organic Matter
• Limited by P, N or Fe availability
• Constrained by CNP ratios

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Carbonate System
CO2(g) CO2(aq) H2O H2CO3
H2CO3
KH 3.72 x 10-2 mol/L atm 10-1.5
PCO2
H2CO3 HCO3- H
HCO3-H
pK1 5.9
K1
H2CO3
HCO3- CO32- H
CO32-H
pK2 9.01
K2
HCO3-
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Ocean acidification

• Increase in dissolved carbon dioxide will
  generate more carbonic acid in ocean

www.uni-kiel.de/future-ocean/a1/index.shtml
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Biological Productivity
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Nutrient Profiles
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Global Upwelling
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Ocean Productivity
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Biological C cycling

• Key processes
• Photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Decomposition
• Limited by nutrient availability

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Summary

• Ocean storage of CO2 controlled by
• Basic carbonate chemistry
• Biological cycling (nutrient limited)
• Rate of storage depends on
• Physical transport to deep ocean
• C storage in ocean needs to consider these
  limitations

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Carbon storagesolutions?
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C storage solutions

• Idea 1
• Collect CO2 from emission sources and store deep
  in ocean
• May be as CO2 or clathrates

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Storing C in clathrates
http//www.mbari.org/expeditions/GOC/gear/equipdes
c.htm
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C storage solutions

• Idea 2
• Collect CO2 from emission sources and store deep
  in exhausted oil or gas reservoirs

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C storage
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C storage solutions

• Idea 3
• Store more C in ocean by fertilizing surface ocean

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C storage solutions

• Idea 4
• Store more C in terrestrial biosphere

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C storage solutions

• Idea 5
• Scrub CO2 from coal power plant flue gas
  (smokestack) and convert to calcium carbonate
  (CaCO3)

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Science 20 October 2006 452-454.