H

1
Carbon-Hydrogen Composition of Fossil Fuels
H
Methane Gas
C
H
H
H
CH 14
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
Typical Oil
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
CH 12
H
H
C
C
H
C
C
C
H
C
C
C
Typical Coal
H
H
C
C
C
C
H
H
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
H
C
C
C
H
C
C
H
H
CH 21
2
Source Ausubel, 1996, after Marchetti, 1985
3
Falling Global Carbon Intensity of Primary Energy
35
35
30
30
25
25
20
20
Kg C/GJ
15
15
10
10
5
5
0
0
1850
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
2010
2030
2050
Data sources IIASA, BP (1965-2001), CDIAC
http//cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/trends/emis/em_cont.htm
4
USA Hydrogen Production, 1971-1999 Semi-log scale
106
millions of cubic feet
105
104
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
Source N. M. Victor and J.H. Ausubel, 2002
5
Chernobyl, 1990
6
Supergrid Energy Pipeline
50,000 Vdc 100,000 A 10 GW
Electrical Insulation
Liquid H2 _at_ 21 K
Source P. Grant, EPRI
7
Uranium inventories at US utilities per kWh
generated vs. cumulative electricity generation
from nuclear, learning rates 1984-1999
N. M. Victor and J. H. Ausubel, 2001
8
Gas consumed at US utilities per kWh generated
vs. cumulative electricity generation from gas,
Learning rates 1920-2002
100
1920
1920-1930
LR11.6
1930-1950
LR4.9
1950-1970
1970-2002
1930
LR8.5
LR8
1950
cu.ft./kWh
10
1970
2002
1
100
1,000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
GWh
Source N. M. Victor J. H. Ausubel, 2004
9
Coal consumed at US utilities per kWh Generated
vs. cumulative electricity generation from coal,
Learning rates 1920-2002
Source N. M. Victor J. H. Ausubel, 2004
10
Hydrocarbon fuels ranked by heat value
Source N. Victor J. Ausubel, 2003
11
(No Transcript)
12
Major fuels ranked by heat value
108
Natural uranium in FBR
Uranium enriched to 3.5 in LWR
Natural uranium in CANDU
106
Natural uranium in LWR
Natural uranium in LWR
with U Pu recycle
MJ/kg
104
Hydrogen
LPG
Black Coals
102
Natural Gas
Firewood
Crude Oils
Brown Coals
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Source N. Victor and J. Ausubel, 2003