4.7 ??????? (Peridot)

1
4.7 ??????? (Peridot)
Peridot ??????????????????????? olivine
???????????????? chrysolite ???? ???????????
(evening emerald)
Crystallography
Orthorhombic --gt prism dipyramid ???
pinacoid
Physical properties
Cleavage ??????????
Fracture ????????????
S.G. 3.34 (0.14 ??? -0.07)
Hardness 6 1/2 - 7
2
Optical properties
Luster vitreous
Colour ????????????????? ???
????????????? ????????????? ????????-?????
Transparency transparent to translucent
Optic character Bi
3
Birefringence 0.035 - 0.038 ----gt ????
doubling
Dispersion 0.020
Pleochroism ???????????? ---gt
?????????? ??????-????? ???? ?????
Fluorescence ???????????
Absorption spectrum ?????????????? Fe
??????? ??? 453 477 ??? 497 nm.
Chemical properties
Group tectosilicate
Chemical formula (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
4
Diagnostic features
green zircon
green garnet
chrysoberyl
?????????? 3 ???? ????? R.I. ??? S.G.
??????? peridot
green tourmaline ????? R.I. ??? S.G. ???????
peridot
5
Occurrence
peridot ??????????????????? Fe ??? Mg ???
????????????????????? Zerbarget ?????????
?????? Egypt ????? peridot ???????? ??????????
??????? Myanmar ??????????????????????
?????????? Arizona USA.
Name
????? olivine ?????????? ???????????? (olive
green) ????????????????
????? peridot ????????????? peridote ????
peridota ???????????????
????? chrysolite ????????????? ??????
???????? (gold stone)
6
Species Chrysoberyl
alexandrite
chrysoberyl
cats eye
purple spinel
red spinel
pink spinel
orange spinel
blue spinel
Species Peridot
black star spinel
colour-change spinel
7
4.8 ?????????? (Tourmaline)
Tourmaline ?????????????(group)
???????????????????(species) ????? ??????????
?????????????? ?????? tourmaline ???????????
??????????????????? ??? tourmaline
????????????????????????????(variety)
Tourmaline ?????????????????????????????????????
???? ?????????????????? ??????????
????????????????????????? ????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????(piezoelectric)
Crystallography
???? hexagonal ????????????? C
????????????????????? ???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
8
Physical properties
Cleavage ??????????????????
Fracture ????????????
Hardness 7 - 7 1/2
S.G. 3.06 (0.20 ??? -0.06)
Electric conductivity ???????? piezoelectric
??? pyroelectric ????????
Optical properties
Luster vitreous
Transparency transparent ??? opaque
Optic character Uni -
R.I. 1.644 1.624 (
0.011 ??? - 0.009)
Birefringence 0.018 - 0.020
Dispersion 0.017
Pleochroism ????????????? ?????????????????
tourmaline
Fluorescence ???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
9
Absorption spectrum
????????????????????? ????????????????????????
640 - 700 nm.
?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????????????????
????? ???????????? 451 ??? 458 nm.
10
Colour
??????? ???????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? (species)
elbaite ??? liddicoatite ?????? Li
??????????????? ????????? dravite ?????? Na ???
Mg ???????????????
11
????????????? ??????????? tourmaline
????????????????
Rubellite ?????? ????????? ????????????? ???
???????????? ????????????? Mn
Achroite ?????????
Paraiba ???????-??????? ???????????
????????????? Cu
Verdelite ???????????????? ?????????????????
????????????? Fe
Chrome tourmaline ??????????? ?????????????
V / Cr
12
Indicolite ??????????????? ??????????
????????????? Fe
Dravite ???????? ???????????????
Watermelon ????????????? ????????????
Liddicoatite ????????? ??????? ???????????
pyramid
Bicoloured ?? 2 ????????????????
Particoloured ??????????????????????
13
Chemical properties
Group Borosilicate ???? Ringsilicate
Chemical formula ??????????? tourmaline
?????????????? XR3Al6B3Si6O2.7(OH)4 ?????????????
????????????? X ??? R ????????????????????
??????
??????? R ????????????????????????????????
Cr / V --gt ???????????? (chrome tourmaline) Cu
--gt ??????????-??????? (paraiba) Mn --gt
?????????-??? (rubellite) Fe --gt
?????????????????????
14
Diagnostic features
????????????? tourmaline ??????????????????????
??? ??? birefringence ????????? 0.020
??????? pleochroism ??????????
Occurrence
????????????????? Pegmatite ?????????????????????
????????? ???? dravite ??????????? ?????
tourmaline ??????????? Madagascar Namibia
Mozambique Afghanistan Brazil (???????? Ural)
Sri Lanka Myanmar ??? USA
Name
????? tourmaline ?????????????? tourmali
???????????????????? dravite ??????????????
Drave ?? Austria????? liddicoatite ?????????
R.T. Liddicoat ????????????? GIA?????
elbaite ????????????? Elba ????? paraiba
?????????????? Paraiba ?? Brazil????? achroite
????????????? achroos ??????????????????
rubellite ?????????????? ?????? ?????
15
Species Tourmaline
variety
Cats eye
Verdelite (Fe)
Liddicoatite
Rubellite(Mn)
Paraiba (Cu)
Achroite
tourmaline
Chrome tourmaline
(Cr / V)
Indicolite
Particoloured
Bicoloured
Dravite
Watermelon
(Fe)
16
4.9 ??????? (Quartz)
quartz ?????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????? ???????????????? ????????
????????? ??????????????????????? 7
???????????????? ????????????????????? ?????
quartz ???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????
quartz ????????????? ??????? 2 ????? (group)
???
1. ??????????????????(coarsely crystalline)
2. ?????????????????????(cryptocrystalline)
----gt ???????? chalcedony
???? 2 ????????????????????????????????????????
????? ????????????????? ????????
??????????????????? ??????????????(pattern)
17
????????????(coarsely crystalline varieties)
1. ??????????? (rock crystal) ?????????
????????????????? ?????? ????????????????????
? iris quartz ???????? iridescence
rock crystal
iris quartz
2. ??????? (amethyst) ???????? ?????????????
???????????? ???????????????????????
??????????? Fe
amethyst
3. ?????? (citrine) ?????????? ???
?????????????? ????????????? Fe
citrine
18
4. ???????-??????(amethyst-citrine) ????????????
(ametrine) ?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????
5. ??????????????(smoky quartz)
??????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
?? ??????????????????? Al
6. ??????????(rose quartz) ????????
????????????????????? Ti ?????????????????????
??(rutile) ???????? 3 ?????? ????????? star
rose quartz
19
7. ????????????? (milky quartz)
?????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
???????????????????
8. ???????????????????? (quartz with
inclusions)

• cats eye quartz

• rutilated quartz

• tourmalinated quartz

• aventurine quartz

• tigers eye ??? hawks eye

20
??????????????? (cryptocrystalline varieties)
???????? 2 ???? ????????????? ???
????????(granular) ?????????????(fibrous)
???????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????? ??????
?????????(chalcedony) ??????? species ????????
quartz ???????? variety ????? ??????
granular varieties
?????????????? quartz ???????????????????
????????

• ???????? (jasper) ?????????????????????
  ????????? Fe oxide

• ?????? (plasma) ??????? microfibrous ????
  microgranular quartz ????????? ??????????
  actinolite ?????????????????????? ?????
  ????????(blood stone) ???????????? Fe oxide
  ???? jasper

21
Fibrous varieties
??????? variety ?????????? ?????? ??
????????????????? ??? ????????????????

• ???????????(carnelian) ???????????????
  ??????????? ???????????

• ?????????(chrysophase) ????????(prase)
  ????????????????? ???? ??????? Ni

• ?????(agate) ????????????????????
  ????????????????????????? ????????????????
  ??????????????????????????????????????(nodules)
  ??????

moss agate
fire agate
landscape agate
agate

• ??????? (onyx) ????? agate ????????????????

22
Crystallography

• ?????? rhombohedron division ???????????
  hexagonal

• ????????????????????? (prism) ???
  ????????????????????????????? ???????? 2 ????
  ?????????????????????????? ? ???(rhombohedron)
  ?????????????????? ????????????????????? ???
  ???????????????????????????????? (dipyramid)

??????????????????? positive ??? negative
rhombohedron ??????

• ???? quartz ????????????????? ??????????? 2
  ??? ??? ???????????? (Brazil law)
  ??????????????????????????????????? (penetration
  twin) ???????????(Douphin law)
  ????????????????????????????????????????????

left ??? right Dauphin twin
Brazil twin
???? quartz ??????? ?
23
Physical properties
Cleavage ? ??????????? rhombohedron
????????????
Fracture ? ???????????????????????? ???
???? ??????????????????
?????????????????
Hardness ? 7 ???? chalcedony ????
6.5 - 7
S.G. ? ???????????? ---gt 2.66
(0.03 ??? - 0.02) ????
chalcedony ---gt 2.60 (0.10 ??? - 0.05)
Electric conductivity ? ????????????
piezoelectric ??????
Optical properties
Luster ? ???????????? ???????????????
???? chalcedony ???????????????????
?????????
Colour ? ???????????????
????????????????? ???????????????????????
?????????????????????? ???????????????????????
24
Transparency ? ??????????????????????
Birefringence ? 0.004
Optic character ? Uni
Dispersion ? 0.013
Pleochroism ? amethyst
??????????????????????????????????????
???????????? smoky quartz
?????????????????????? ???????????? rose
quartz ???????????????????????????
??????????? citrine ????????????????
????????????????????
Fluorescence ? amethyst ???????????
??????????????????? LWUV rose quartz
??????????? ???????????????????????? SWUV
aventurine quartz ??????????????????-?????
??? ??????? ?????? LWUV ???
SWUV chalcedony ??????????????????????
???? ?? LWUV ??? SWUV
25
Chemical properties
Group ? Nesosilicate
Chemical formula ? SiO2
Diagnostic features
Quartz ??????????? ????? R.I. ?????? S.G.
???????? ????????????????????????????????
Occurrences
rock crystal ????????? ????????????? Brazil
Madagascar Japan ??????????? Alps amethyst
???????????????????????????????? ???????????
?????????? geode ?? ????????????? lava
flow ????? Uruguay ??? Brazil
??????????????(vein) ???????????? Ural
Zambia Sri Lanka Indonesia Namibia ???
Madagascar citrine
???????????????????? ?????????????? amethyst
amethyst-citrine ???? Brazil ??? Bolivia
smoky quartz ?????????????????????????
Alps Switzerland Brazil USSR Madagascar
Australia ??? Scotland ?? USA. ???????
Maine ??? New Hampshire rose quartz
????????? pegmatite ???? Brazil Madagascar
Scotland Spain ??? USA.
26
Name
????? rock crystal ????????????? krystallos
?????? ??????? (ice) ????? amethyst ???????????
?? amethystos ?????? ?????????? ????? citrine
????????????????? citron ??????
?????? ????? chalcedony ?????????? chakcedon
?????????????????????? Asia Minor
????? carnelian ?????????????? carnis ??????
????? (flesh) ????? prase ????????????? prason
?????? ???? (leak)
27
Species Quartz
coarsely crystalline variety
cryptocrystalline variety
granular variety
amethyst
ametrine
rock crystal
citrine
jasper
blood stone
fibrous variety
rose quartz
smoky quartz
milky quartz
quartz with inclusions
chrysoprase
carnelian
agate
fire agate
cats eye quartz
tigers eye
hawks eye
onyx