III Seminrio Internacional

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• III Seminário Internacional
• Ideal Work Uniformes e EPIs
• (11) 2188-0500
• www.idealwork.com.br

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70E HRC 2 Arc Flash (480v)
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Arc Flash Events

• Arc temp can reach 35,000 F
• Fatal burns can occur at gt10 feet
• Majority of hospital admissions due to electrical
  accidents are from arc flash burns, not from
  shock
• Over 2000 people admitted to burn centers yearly
  with severe arc flash burns

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Arc Energy Basics

• Exposure energy expressed in cal/cm2
• ½ to 1 cal/cm2 hottest part of lighter in 1 sec
• An exposure of only 1-2 calories will cause
  second degree burn on human skin
• Typical non-FR workwear can ignite _at_4-5cals
• Arcs typically release 5-30 cals, and energies of
  30-60 cals are not uncommon

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HRC 2 Arc with FRC
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What Is a Burn?

• A chemical process which progressively injures
  skin severity relates to depth
• 1st redness, pain not permanent
• 2nd blistering skin will regenerate
• 3rd total skin depth destroyed. Will not
  regenerate requires grafting
• 4th Underlying muscle damaged

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The Bottom Line

• Accidents happen
• Street Clothing can and does worsen injury
• One cant do anything about ones age
• -BUT-

You can do something about your clothing
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70E HRC 2 Arc Flash (480v)
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Arc Flash Incident Chicago April 18, 2004
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Burn Injury

• Burn treatment requires approx. 1.5 days
  hospitalization per burn
• Average hospitalization is 19 days, at costs
  exceeding 18,000/day
• Total hospitalization cost typically ranges from
  200,000 to 750,000, with many over 1,000,000
  USD

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Engineered Flame Resistant Fabrics

• Natural fibers
• Synthetic fibers
• Natural / synthetic blends
• Flame resistance must be durable to launderings,
  wear, the environment, etc. for the service life
  of the garment
• Look for proven products!

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The 70E Solution

• Many routes, can seem intimidating, which can
  slow down implementation
• National trend is single layer HRC 2 daily wear
  and HRC 4 flash gear (Annex H)
• Dont delay critical steps

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Expected 70E Revisions

• Highly likely but NOT guaranteed yet
• Cat 0 cut from lt 2cals to lt 1.2cals
• Cat 1 requires FR pants
• Cat 2 and higher will disallow use of non-FR
  underlayers toward system arc rating garment
  must have an ATPV to count
• Cat 2 will allow balaclava/faceshield instead of
  hood

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Sample Industrial Calculation

• Conditions
• 18,000 available fault current
• 480 Volts
• 2 inch gap
• 14 inches away
• 10 cycle arc (1/6 of a second)

• Results
• Duke HFC returns 3.84 cal/cm2

Requires HRC 1 Clothing
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Sample Industrial Calculation

• Conditions
• 18,000 available fault current
• 480 Volts
• 2 inch gap
• 10 inches away
• 10 cycle arc (1/6 of a second)

• Results
• Duke HFC returns 7.89 cal/cm2

Requires HRC 2 Clothing
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Arc Rating

• ASTM F1959 Test Method Defines Fabric Performance
  in Electrical Arc Flash
• ATPV Incident energy (cal/cm2) that results in
  50 likelihood of onset of 2nd degree burn under
  fabric

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ASTM F1959 Testing

• Fabric panels are subjected to electric arcs
• Calorimeters measure heat transfer through fabric
• Voltage, amperage, gap and distance are held
  constant
• Duration (cycles) are varied to achieve higher
  and lower energies

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ASTM F1959 Logistic Regression
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Comparative Analysis for Shirting Fabrics
ARC Rating
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Comparative Analysis for Pant/Jacket/Coverall
Fabrics
ATPV
Nomex IIIa 6oz
Nomex IIIa 7.5 oz
9 oz INDURA Ultra Soft
9 oz INDURA
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Proper Use

• FRC should be appropriate to hazard
• Always the outermost layer
• Worn correctly zipped, buttoned, etc
• All natural, non-melting undergarments
• Clean, no flammable contaminants
• Repaired correctly and removed from service when
  needed

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• FIRE
• Vs
• ARC

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Flash Fire Defined

• Two North American Standards bodies have defined
  NFPA CGBS
• Flash Fire An unplanned exposure to flash fire
  (diffuse fuel, air, ignition source yielding a
  rapidly moving flame front of about 84kW or 2
  cal/cm2) for relatively short durations,
  typically 3 seconds or less.
• - NFPA 2113
• - CAN/CGSB 155.20
• - CAPP

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Hazards of Conventional Work Clothing

• Employees may be wearing 65/35 poly-cotton blends
  or 100 cotton in certain areas
• Non-flame resistant fabrics can burn and melt,
  increasing both extent and severity of burn injury

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Why is FR Needed?

• Most severe burn energies and fatalities are
  caused by non-flame resistant clothing igniting
  and continuing to burn
• Flame resistant clothing will self-extinguish,
  thus limiting the injury
• Body area under non-FR clothing is often burned
  more severely than exposed skin

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Flame Resistant/Flame Retardant

• Flame retardants are additives that inhibit
  sustained combustion
• Flame resistant is the characteristic of not
  supporting combustion in air, as defined by ASTM
  D6413
• 2 second after burn
• 2 second after glow
• 4 inch char length

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ASTM F1930 Testing

• Standardized size 42 regular coverall
• Heat flux of 2 cal/cm2/sec
• Controlled duration
• Data collected for 60 seconds

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NFPA 2112 Certification

• Garments and components must be certified by a
  third party (i.e. Underwriters Laboratories)
• Annual inspection and testing of materials and
  components
• Annual audit of quality system

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Presentation of Data

• Desirable test protocol should include
• -Independent laboratory testing
• -Full compliance with ASTM F1930
• -Full compliance with NFPA 2112
• -Data throughout NFPA flash fire range
• -Use of standardized, commercially relevant
  garments
• - Data from inception of burn to failure is
  preferred

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Westex U of A Test Protocol

• Commercially available garments
• Off the shelf sourcing
• Independent University laboratory
• Full ASTM 1930 standards
• Full NFPA 2112 standards
• All data presented
• Whole curve published, from inception of body
  burn under garment through failure

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Such Testing Is

• Unbiased
• Accurate
• Scientific
• Repeatable
• Verifiable

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2112 Body Burn (Nomex IIIA)
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2112 Body Burn (Nomex/Rayon)
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2112 Body Burn (UltraSoft)
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Thermal Degradation Issues
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NFPA 2112 Standard Test Data
Shirt / Lightweight Coverall Weight
Pant / Coverall Weight
Body Burn
Style 45 Indura 9oz
Style 451 Ultra Soft 9oz
Style 30 Indura 7oz
Style 301 Ultra Soft 7oz
Nomex IIIa 6oz
Nomex IIIa 4.5oz
PBI Gold 4.5oz
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Pant / Coverall Weight Fabrics
2nd 3rd Degree Body Burn

• CGSB Defines a Flash Fire /lt 3 Seconds
• NFPA 2112 Test Exposure _at_ 3 Seconds
• NFPA 2112 sets Failure _at_ lt 50
• Long Term Exposure gt 3 Seconds Recommendation
  of Multi-Layer System or Primary Clothing

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Shirt / Tropical Coverall Weight Fabrics
2nd 3rd Degree Body Burn

• CGSB Defines a Flash Fire /lt 3 Seconds
• NFPA 2112 Test Exposure _at_ 3 Seconds
• NFPA 2112 sets Failure _at_ lt 50
• Long Term Exposure gt 3 Seconds Recommendation
  of Multi-Layer System or Primary Clothing

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All Weights
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Pant / Coverall Weight Fabrics
2nd 3rd Degree Body Burn

• CGSB Defines a Flash Fire /lt 3 Seconds
• NFPA 2112 Test Exposure _at_ 3 Seconds
• NFPA 2112 sets Failure _at_ lt 50
• Long Term Exposure gt 3 Seconds Recommendation
  of Multi-Layer System or Primary Clothing

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Injury under garment

• Seconds UltraSoft 9 7 Nomex IIIA
• 1.5 0 0 0
• 2 0 0 9
• 2.5 0 0 21
• 3 1 19 28
• 3.5 12 33 35
• 4 35 42
• Derived by subtracting 7 for head actual
  results may vary /- 2

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PPE Appropriate to Hazard?

• Some fabrics OK for flash fire, arc, but not
  molten metal or welding
• Some fabrics OK for all four hazards
• Some fabrics used in arc not appropriate for
  flash fire

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Laundering FRC

• Can be home, industrial or dry cleaned
• FR properties will NOT be washed out or worn off
  over time or use
• Bleach will degrade FR fabrics
• Fabric softeners can be flammable

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Proper Use

• FRC should be appropriate to hazard
• Always the outermost layer
• Worn correctly zipped, buttoned, etc
• All natural, non-melting undergarments
• Clean, no flammable contaminants
• Repaired correctly and removed from service when
  needed

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Keys to Choosing a Successful Program
What hazards are present? What performance
standards are available for the hazard? What
product options are available that protect to the
level of our hazards?
Comfort
Value
What options will have reasonable durability at
their comparative price?
What is the maximum level of protection that our
personnel will voluntarily wear? What choices can
we allow?