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Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy

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Title: Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy


1
Current Paradigms in Psychopathology and Therapy
  • Past and Present
  • Tomàs, J.

2
What is a paradigm?
  • What do you think???

3
A Paradigm
  • is a conceptual framework to examine a given
    phenomenon.
  • has a set of basic assumptions.
  • Determines which methods (data collection,
    analysis) will be used to study a given
    phenomenon.

4
Paradigms in Abnormal Psychology
  • Biological
  • Psychodynamic (Psychoanalytical)
  • Behavioral
  • Cognitive
  • Humanistic

5
A. Biological Paradigm Disease Model
  • Basic assumptions
  • 1. Biology plays a role in pathological behavior.
  • 2. Psychopathology is caused by disease.

6
What are the flaws with this paradigm?
  • What do you think???

7
Flaws with Biological model
  • 1. Factors unrelated to biology may influence the
    onset of psychopathology.
  • E.g., environmental factors (life-style, abuse)
    may play role in some mental disorders
    (depression).
  • 2. Multiple factors may influence onset of
    psychopathology.

8
Does biology play role in etiology of
psychopathology?
  • What do you think????

9
Evidence that biology plays a role comes from 2
sources
  • 1. Behavioral Genetics examines how much of
    individual differences in behavior are due to
    genetic makeup.
  • 2. Biochemistry in the nervous system

10
Behavioral Genetics Theory
  • Genotype the physiological genetic constitution
    of a person. (fixed at birth, but not static)
  • Phenotype- the observable expression of our genes
    (changes over time is product of interaction
    with genotype environment).
  • E.g., A child may be hard-wired for high
    intellectual achievement, but will need
    environmental stimulation to produce development.

11
We may have a biological predisposition for a
mental disorder.
  • This is called a Diathesis.
  • Does having a diathesis automatically mean you
    will develop the mental disorder?

12
No!!!!
  • It will depend on how your biology interacts with
    environmental factors (parental rearing, peers)

13
How do we study behavior genetics?
  • 1. Family members
  • 2. Twin studies
  • 3. Adoption studies
  • 4. Linkage analysis

14
Family Members
  • Studies the 1st 2nd degree relatives of
    individual with a given mental disorder.
  • 1st-degree relatives-parents siblings
    (50-shared genes)
  • 2nd-degree relatives-aunts, uncles (25-shared
    genes)
  • Are compared with index cases (probands).

15
If there is a genetic predisposition
  • 1st degree relatives of the index case(s), should
    have the disorder at a higher rate than in the
    general pop.
  • E.g., 10 of 1st degree relatives of index cases
    with schizophrenia can be diagnosed with
    schizophrenia

16
Twin method
  • Monozygotic (100 shared genes) dizygotic twins
    (50 shared genes) are compared.
  • Start with diagnosis of one twin see if other
    twin develops same disorder.
  • When twins are similarly diagnosed, they are said
    to be concordant.

17
If disorder is heritable-- concordance rate will
be higher for MZ than for DZ twins.
  • Problems
  • 1. May reflect environmental factors.

18
Adoption studies
  • Examine children who were adopted reared apart
    from their abnormal parents.
  • Reduces environmental influences, should reflect
    effect of genetics.

19
Linkage Analysis
  • Uses DNA blood testing to examine the influence
    of genetics inmental disorders.

20
B. Psychodynamic Paradigm
  • Argues that our behavior results from unconscious
    conflicts.
  • Conflicts are outside of our awareness (iceberg
    theory).

21
Structures of mind
  • 1. Id (unconscious) wants to satisfy basic
    urges (thirst, hunger, sex).
  • 2. Ego (primarily conscious) tries to satisfy id
    impulses without breaking societal norms.
  • 3. Super-ego (conscious) our morality center
    which tells us right from wrong.

22
Psychosexual stages of development
  • 1. Oral (birth to 1 yr)- needs gratified orally
    (sucking).
  • 2. Anal (2yr)-needs met- through elimination of
    waste.
  • 3. Phallic (3-5 yrs)-needs met through genital
    stimulation.
  • 4. Latency (6-12 yrs)-impulses dormant.
  • 5. Genital (13)-needs met through intercourse.

23
Defense mechanisms- unconscious protect ego
from anxiety.
  • Repression
  • Projection
  • Reaction formation
  • Displacement
  • Denial
  • rationalization

24
Problems
  • 1.  Freud had no scientific data to support his
    theories.
  • 2. Freuds theories (unconscious, libido, etc.)
    cannot be observed.
  • 3.  Theory explains behavior (post-hoc) after the
    fact.
  • 4. Observations not representative of population.

25
Freuds therapy
  • Premisewe have repressed information in
    unconscious that needs to come out.
  • How???
  • Free-association, dream analysis, hypnosis.

26
C. Behavior paradigm
  • Focuses on observable behaviors.
  • Premiseabnormal behavior is learned!!
  • Learning (classical operant conditioning,
    modeling)

27
Classical conditioning
  • Pavlovs study
  • Step 1 Meat Powder (UCS)---Salivation
    (UCR)
  • Step 2 Bell (CS) ---- Salivation (UCR)
  • -Meat Powder (UCS)----
  • Step 3 Bell (CS)---------Salivation (CR)

28
Conditioning emotional responses Watson Raynor
  • Classically conditioned 11-month-old infant to
    fear white rats (Santa beard, cotton).
  • Presented infant with cute white ratchild showed
    interest in rat, was then presented with a loud
    noise (startle response).

29
Operant conditioning
  • Desired behaviors are reinforced (positive,
    negative), whereas undesirable behaviors are
    extinguished (punishment).

30
Modeling (Albert Bandura)
  • We learn how to behavior, by watching others.
  • Whether we will produce a given behavior is
    determined by whether we have seen it reinforced
    or punished.(Famous Bobo Doll study)

31
Behavioral therapies
  • Systematic desensitization (phobias, anxiety)
  • Flooding (phobias, anxiety)
  • Aversion conditioning (pedophiles)

32
Criticisms of theory
  • 1. Abnormal behavior not connected to particular
    learning experiences (schizophrenia).
  • 2. Simplistic circular reasoning (Description as
    explanation).
  • 3. Useful for treatment, but not as cause for
    most mental disorders.

33
Cognitive
  • Premise- how we organize and interpret
    information
  • Criticism of Cognitive Paradigm
  • Concepts are slippery, not well defined.
  • cognitive explanations do not explain much
  • E.g., depressed person has negative cognition--I
    am worthless.

 
34
Therapy
  • Cognitive-Behavioral therapy
  • Rational Emotive therapy

35
E. Humanistic
  • Theorists argue we are driven to self-actualize,
    that is, to fulfill our potential for goodness
    and growth.

36
Rogers Humanistic therapy
  • We all have a basic need to receive positive
    regard from the important people in our lives
    (parents).
  • Those who receive unconditional positive regard
    early in life are likely to develop unconditional
    self-regard.
  • That is, they come to recognize their worth as
    persons, even while recognizing that they are not
    perfect. Such people are in good shape to
    actualize their positive potential.
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