Introduction to .NET Platform and .NET Framework

1
(No Transcript)
2
??????????? ?? ??????????? .NET? .NET Framework
???????????? ?? .NET Framework
http//www.nakov.com/dotnet/
??????? ?????
?????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????
academy.devbg.org
3
?????????? ??????

• ?? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??
  ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??
• ????????????
• ????? ?? ????????????
• ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???????

4
?????????? (1)

• ????? ? .NET?
• ??????????? ?? ??????????? Microsoft .NET
• ????? ? .NET Framework?
• ??????????? ?? .NET Framework
• Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• ?????????? ???
• ???????? ???? MSIL
• ????? ?? ?????????? ?? MSIL ????

5
?????????? (2)

• ????????? ? ?????????
• .NET ??????????
• Application domains
• Common Language Specification (CLS), Common Type
  System (CTS)
• Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) ?
  ???????????? ?? ???????? ?????
• Framework Class Library
• ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? Visual Studio .NET

6
??????? ?? Microsoft ?? .NET

• ???????????
• ?? ????? ??????????
• ?????????
• ?? ????? ?????

XML Web ???????????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?
????????????
???????????
????????????
???????
???????
??????
??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ?? ???????
?????????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????
?????????? ?? ??????????
?????????? ?? ???????
7
????? ? ??????????? .NET?

• ?????????? ?? ??????????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?
  ???????????? ?????????, ?? ????? ?????, ??
  ????? ??????????
• ??????? ?? Microsoft ?? ?????????? ??
  ??????????????? ??????????
• ?????????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????
• ??????????????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????,
  ??????????, ??????? ? ?????????? ?? XML Web
  ??????
• ???????????? ?????????

8
????????????? ?? .NET
.NET
.NET Smart Clients
.NET Framework Visual Studio .NET
.NET Enterprise Servers
.NET Building Block Services
9
????????????? ?? .NET
.NET
.NET Smart Clients
.NET Framework Visual Studio .NET
.NET Enterprise Servers
.NET Building Block Services
10
.NET Enterprise Servers

• .NET Enterprise ????????? ???????????
• ???????? ?????????????? ?? .NET ???????????
• ????? ?? ??????????, ?????????? ? ?????????? ??
  XML Web ??????
• ??????? ??????????????
• ??????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?
  ???????? (business process orchestration)
• ????? ????????? ?? XML
• ???????
• ????????
• ??????????
• ??????????

11
.NET Enterprise Servers

• Microsoft Windows Servers Family ???????
  ??????????? ???????
• Microsoft SQL Server ?????????? ?? ??????????,
  ?????????? ????? ? XML
• Microsoft BizTalk Server ?????????? ?? ??????
  ???????, ?????? ? ???????
• Microsoft Host Integration Server ?????????? ??
  ????? ???????
• Microsoft Exchange ??????????? ?? ???????????
  ?????? ? ???????????
• Microsoft SharePoint Portal Server
  ?????????????? ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?
  ?????? ?????

12
.NET Enterprise Servers

• Microsoft Application Center ???????,
  ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????
  ??????????
• Microsoft Content Management Server ??????????,
  ????????? ? ?????????? ?? Web ??????????
• Microsoft Mobile Information Server ??????????
  ? ??????? ??????????
• Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration
  Server ??????? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ????????
• Microsoft Commerce Server ?????????? ????????

13
????????????? ?? .NET
.NET
.NET Smart Clients
.NET Framework Visual Studio .NET
.NET Enterprise Servers
.NET Building Block Services
14
.NET Framework ? VS.NET

• .NET Framework
• ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? .NET
  ?????????? ? Web ??????
• ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???
• ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ??????? ?? .NET
  ????????????
• .NET Compact Framework
• ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? .NET
  ??????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????
• Visual Studio .NET ??????????? ????? ?? .NET
  ??????????

15
????????????? ?? .NET
.NET
.NET Smart Clients
.NET Framework Visual Studio .NET
.NET Enterprise Servers
.NET Building Block Services
16
.NET Building Block Services

• .NET Building Block Services (.NET My Services)
• ????????????? ?????????? ?? XML Web ??????,
  ???????? ??? ???????????
• ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??
  ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ? ?? ????? ??????????
• ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?
  ?????????
• ?????????? ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?????? ?
  ??????????

17
.NET Building Block Services

• .NET Building Block ????????
• ???????????? .NET Passport (single sign-on)
• ???????? ?? ?????????
• ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ?????
  ?????????, ????????, ?????????? ????, ????????,
  ?????? ??????? ? ?.?.
• ?????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ????????????

18
????????????? ?? .NET
.NET
.NET Smart Clients
.NET Framework Visual Studio .NET
.NET Enterprise Servers
.NET Building Block Services
19
Smart Clients

• Smart ????????? ????????????? ????????????
  ????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??????????,
  ?????
• ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????
• ?????????? XML Web-??????
• ?????????? ?????? online ? offline
• ????????? ?? ??????????? (auto update)
• Smart ????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ??????-?????? ?
  Web-????????????
• ?? ?? ????????? ? .NET ?????? ??????????? ????
  ?? ?? ???????? ? ? Java

20
.NET Smart Clients

• .NET smart ?????????
• ????????????? smart ???????, ???????? ?? .NET
  Framework
• ??????? ????? ???????? smart ??????????
  (????????, ??????? ????????, handhelds, ????????
  ??????????, ...)
• ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????????
  ????????? ? ?? ????? ?????
• .NET Framework, .NET Compact Framework ? VS.NET
  ?????????? ???????????? ?? smart ??????? ??
  ???-???????????? smart ??????????

21
???????????????? ?? .NET

• ??????????? ?? .NET Enterprise ????????????
• Enterprise ?????????? ??????????? ????????????
  ??????????, ?????????? ? ??????? ? ????????????
  ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????

22
???????????????? ?? .NET
Your Internal Services
Open Internet Protocols XML, XSLT, XSD, SOAP,
DISCO, UDDI, XHTML, HTTP, SSL, WAP
Visual Studio.NET
Sales Data Service
.NET Framework
Corporate Fulfillment Service
...
Applications Using Your Service
Windows CE, XP, 2000, 2003
.NET Enterprise Servers
SQL Server
BizTalk Server
Application Center
Smart Clients
Commerce Server
.NET FW
Windows
.NET FW
Host Integration Server
Windows
Exchange Server
...
Smart Devices
Building Block Services
.NET FW CF
Passport Identity Service
Calendaring Service
myServices
Simple Browsers
3rd Party Web Services
Geographic Mapping Service
Credit Card Statement Service

23
????? ? .NET Framework?

• ????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??
  .NET ???????????
• ????????? ?????, ?????????? ?? ??????? ? ??????
  ?????????????? ?? ??????????, ?????????? ??
  ??????? ?? ????????????
• ????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????
  ???
• ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? (Windows,
  Linux, FreeBSD)

24
?????????? ?? .NET Framework

• .NET Framework ?? ?????? ??
• Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• ????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???
  ???? ???? ????????? ??????
• ????????? .NET ????????????
• Framework Class Library (FCL)
• ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??
  .NET ??????????
• ?????????? ????????? ?????????????? ??
  ?????????? ADO.NET, XML, ASP.NET, Web Services,
  Windows Forms, ...
• ???????? ? ?????????, ?????? ??? .NET Framework

25
??????????? ?? .NET Framework??????????? ???????

• ?? ????????? ?????????, ????????? ? ?????????????
  ?? ????????
• ????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? (COM,
  MSMQ, IIS, WMI)
• CLR ? ??????? ?????? ? ??

??????????? ???????
26
??????????? ?? .NET FrameworkCommon Language
Runtime

• CLR ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? .NET ???
• ????????? ???????, ???????????????, ???????????,
  ...

Common Language Runtime
??????????? ???????
27
??????????? ?? .NET FrameworkBase Class Library

• ?????? ???????-??????????? ?????????? ? ???????
  ???????
• ????????, ????-?????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????,
  ?????? ? ?????, ?????????, ?????????? ?????????,
  ??????????????,

Base Class Library
Common Language Runtime
??????????? ???????
28
??????????? ?? .NET Framework?????? ? ?????

• ?????? ?? ???? ?????
• Disconnected ????? ?? ??????? (DataSets)
• ????? ????????? ?? XML

ADO.NET and XML
Base Class Library
Common Language Runtime
??????????? ???????
29
??????????? ?? .NET FrameworkASP.NET ? Windows
Forms

• ????????????? ????????? ?? ????????????
  Web-???????, Windows GUI, Web ??????,

ASP.NET Web Forms Web Services Mobile Internet
Toolkit
Windows Forms
ADO .NET and XML
Base Class Library
Common Language Runtime
??????????? ???????
30
??????????? ?? .NET Framework????? ??
????????????

• ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ?????!

Delphi
C
C
VB.NET
J
Perl
Common Language Runtime
??????????? ???????
31
Common Language Runtime

• Common Language Runtime (CLR)
• ???????? ???? Managed Execution Environment
  (????? ?? ??????????? ??????????)
• ????? ?? ???????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????
  .NET ????????? ???
• ???? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? (???? JVM)
• ?? ? ????????????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ??
  ????? ?? ?????????? (JIT ??????????)
• ???????? ? ? ????????????? ??????????

32
Common Language Runtime

• CLR ?????????
• ???????????? ?? IL ???? ? JIT ????????????
• ??????? ? ????????? ?? ????????????
• ????????????? ?? ????????
• ???????????
• Code access security
• Role-based security
• ????????????
• ???????????????
• ???????? ? ???????????? ???
• ????????? ?? debug ? ???????????? (profiling) ???
  ?????????? ?? ??????????

33
??????????? ?? CLR
Base Class Library Support
Thread Support
COM Marshaler
Type Checker
Exception Manager
Security Engine
Debug Engine
IL to Native JIT Compiler
Code Manager
Garbage Collector
Class Loader
34
?????????? ???

• ????????????? ??? (Managed code)
• ?????, ????? CLR ?????????
• Win32 ????? ?? ? ??????????
• ???????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????
  IL (Intermediate Language)
• ?????? ?? ?? ?????????
• ???????? ?? ???????, ??????????, ????????,
  ??????, ??????, ?????????, ?????? ?????, ...
• ???????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????
• ???????? ?? ???????????
• ??????????, ???????? ?? ????? .NET ????, ??
  ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???

35
?????????? ???

• ????????????? ??? (Managed code)
• ???????-??????????
• ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????
  (type-safety)
• ???????
• ????????
• ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??
  ????????????
• ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????????
• ??????????????? ??? (Win32 ?????)
• ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ? ????????
• ??????? ???????? ? ????????????
• ?? ??????? ?????????, ????? ?? ???????

36
?????????? ?? ???????

• CLR ??????????? ????????? ???????
• ?????????-?????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ? ?.
  ???. Managed Heap
• ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??
  ?. ???. Garbage Collector
• ????? ?? ???-??????????? ???????? ?
  ?????????????? ?? ????? ??????????
• ?????? ?? ????? (memory leaks)
• ?????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????????? ?????
• ? ???????????? ??? ???? ?????????!
• ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????

37
Intermediate Language

• Intermediate Language (IL, MSIL, CIL)
• ???? ?? ????? ???? (??????? ????)
• ??????? ???????????
• ???? ????????, ?? ? ???????-???????????
  ???????????
• ?????????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????
• ?????????? ?? ????????????? ? ????????? ??
  ??????????
• ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????
• ????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??
  ???????? ?????????
• ?????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????????

38
???????? ???????? ?? MSIL
.method private hidebysig static void Main() cil
managed .entrypoint // Code size 11
(0xb) .maxstack 8 ldstr "Hello, world!"
call void mscorlibSystem.ConsoleWriteLine
(string) ret // end of method HelloWorldMain
39
?????????? ? ??????????
??????????
Assembly (.EXE ??? .DLL ????)
- ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???
??????????
- ????????????? ??? ???????????
40
??? CLR ????????? MSIL ????
trusted code
???? ?????????? ???
????????? ?? ???????????? ?????
??????????
41
.NET ?????????

• .NET ??????????? (assemblies)
• ????????? ?????????? DLL ? EXE ???????
• ???-??????? deployment ??????? ? CLR
• ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????????
• ???? ????????? ? ???????? (DLL hell)
• ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? ???????
  ????? ?? ??????????? ? ?? ?? ?????????
  ????????????
• ??????? ?? ??
• MSIL ???????? ???
• ????????? (?? ????????? ? ?? ????????)
• ???????

42
.NET ?????????

• ?????? ? ????????? ????????? (private and shared
  assemblies)
• ?????? ?????????
• ????????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??????????, ?? ????? ??
  ????
• ???????? ?? ? ???????????? ?? ????????????
• ????????? ?????????
• ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????????
• ???????? ?? ? ????????? ??????, ?. ???. Global
  Assembly Cache (GAC)
• ????????????? ?? ?? ????? ??? (???, ??????,
  ??????????? ? ?????? ??????)

43
??????????? ? ???????????
???????? ?? ????????
???????, ??????????, ?????? ?????? ???????,
?????????????? ?????????? ????-??????????,
???????? ??????, ????????? ?? ????????, ???????
???????? ????????
???????? ?? ?????????
??? ?????? ???????????
?????? ??????
??????????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? (security
permissions) ???????????? ??????
44
.NET ????????????

• ?????????????? ????????? ???????
• ??????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ?????????
• ?????????? ?? ? ?????? ????????, ??? ??????
  ??????????? ?? ????????????
• ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? (private)
  ?????????, ? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? GAC
• ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ??????
  ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????????
• ????? ??????????, ???????????? ? ??????????

45
????????? ????????? ???????

• ??????????? ????????? ??????? (portable
  executables, PE)
• ????????????? .EXE ??? .DLL ???????
• ??????? ?? ??

46
Application Domains

• Application Domains
• .NET ??????? ? CLR
• ??????? application domain-? ????? ?? ??????? ?
  ???? ?????? ?? ??
• ????????? ???? ?? ????
• ??? ?? ?? ???????? ???????????
• ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ? ?? ?? ?????
  application domain (.NET ??????)
• ????????? ?? ??????????????????
• ???????? ?? ????????????? ? ??????? ?? ????????
  ??????? (?????, ?????????? ?????, ...)

47
????????? ?? ????? ?????

• Common Language Specification (CLS)
• ?????????? ?? ???????, ????? ?????? .NET ????? ??
  ????????? ?? ???????
• ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? .NET
  ?????
• ????????? ???????????? ????? ???????
• Intermediate Language (IL, MSIL)
• ?????? .NET ????? ?? ?????????? ?? MSIL
• ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????????? .NET ???
• Common Type System (CTS)
• ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? .NET ?????
• ????????? ???????????? ?? ???????

48
Common Language Specification

• Common Language Specification (CLS)
• ??????? ?? ??????? ? ??????????, ?? ?????
  ????????? ?????? .NET ?????
• ????????? ???????????? ? ????? ??????????????
  ????? .NET ???????
• ???????? CLS ?????? ?????? .NET ????? ?? ??
  ???????-???????????
• ????? .NET ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??
  ???????????? ?? CLS
• ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ?? CLS ?????????
  ???????? ? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?
  ?????????? .NET ?????

49
Common Type System

• ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? (Common Type System,
  CTS)
• ???????? ???????????? ?? CLR ?????? ????? ?
  ???????? ??? ???
• ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????? ?????
  ?????????? .NET ????? String ? C ? ?????? ????
  String ??? VB.NET
• ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ??????????
• ?????? ?????? ?????????? System.Object
• String ? ?????????? ???

50
Common Type System

• ?????? ?? ???????? (value types)
• ???????????? ?????? (int, char, float, ) ?
  ???????????, ?????????? ?? ???????????
• ?????????? ?? ? ?????
• ?????????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??????
• ???????? ?? ?? ????????
• ?????? ?? ?????????? (reference types)
• ???????, ??????????, ??????, ????????
• ????????????? ??????-??????????? ?????????
• ?????????? ?? ? ??????????? ????? (managed heap)
• ?????????? ?? ?? garbage collector-?
• ???????? ?? ?? ?????????? (?? ?????)

51
Common Language Infrastructure

• Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
  ??????????????
• ??????????????? ???? ?? CLR
• ???????? ISO 232712003
• ?????? ??? ??????????, ???????? ?? ????????
  ?????, ????? ?? ?? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????
  ??? ?? ?? ???????? ? ?????????????
• .NET Framework ????????????? ?? CLI ?? Windows
• Mono ????????????? ?? CLI ?? UNIX ? Linux
  http//www.go-mono.org/

52
Common Language Infrastructure

• CLI ?????????????
• Common Language Specification (CLS)
• Common Type System (CTS)
• Common Intermediate Language (CIL)
• ?????????? ?? ??????????
• ????????? ? ?????????
• ????? ?? .NET Framework Class Library

53
.NET ???????

• ?????, ???????????? ?? Microsoft
• C, C, J, VB.NET, JScript
• ????? ?? ????? ??????????
• Object Pascal, Perl, Python, APL, COBOL, Eiffel,
  Haskell, ML, Oberon, Scheme, Smalltalk
• ???????? ?? ???????????? ?????
• ???????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????????
  ?? ??????????
• ? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????
• ???????????? ? ????????, ? ?? ????????
• ????? ?????, ?? ? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????,
  ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ???????

54
?????? C

• ??????? ????? C, Java ? Delphi
• ??????? ??? ???????????-??????????o ????????????
• ??????????, ???????? ? ???????
• XML-???????? ????????????
• ?????? ?????, ??? header ???????, IDL ? ?.?.
• ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? Web-??????????
• ?????? ? ?????!
• ???????????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????, ????.
  5.ToString() ? ??????? ?????????
• C ? ?????????????? ?? ECMA ? ISO

55
?????? C ??????
using System class HelloWorld static void
Main() Console.WriteLine("Hello,
world!")
56
Framework Class Library (FCL)

• Framework Class Library ? ???????????? ??????????
  ?? .NET Framework
• ?????? ?? ??

57
???????? ?? ???????????? FCL
58
Visual Studio .NET

• Visual Studio .NET
• ???????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??
  ??????????
• ???????? ???????????? ???????????-???????????,
  ???????? ?? ???????
• ???????? ????? C, C, VB.NET ? J
• ?????????? ? ???????????? ???
• ??????? ????????? (wizards) ? ?????????
• Windows Forms Designer
• ASP.NET Web Forms Designer
• ADO.NET DataSet Designer
• ????? ????????? ?? Web-??????
• ?????????? ? SQL Server ? Internet Information
  Server (IIS)

59
Visual Studio .NET

• ?? Visual Studio .NET ??????
• ?? ?????? ????????? ???
• ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????????
• ?? ???????????, ???????????, ????????,
  ???????????? ?? ?????? (debug) ? deploy-????
• ?? ??????????? ??????????????
• ?????? ????? ?????? ??????
• ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????
• ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????
• ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????

60
??????? ?? Visual Studio .NET
61
??????????? ????????????? .NET? .NET Framework
????????
62
??????????

1. ??????? ???????? ??????????? Microsoft .NET. ???
   ?? ????????? ????????, ????? ??????? ? ????
   ???????? ???????? ??????????, ?? ????? ?? ??
   ??????.
2. ????? ????????????? .NET Enterprise ??????????
   ???????? ????? ?? ???. ????? ???????????? .NET
   Framework? ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????? ?
   Visual Studio .NET? ?? ????? ?????? .NET Building
   Block ????????? ????? ?? .NET Smart ??????????
   ????? ? ?????????? ?? ????
3. ??????? ???????? .NET Framework. ?? ?????
   ?????????? ?? ?????? ???
4. ????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ????????????
   ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? Common Language
   Runtime (CLR)?

63
??????????

1. ????? ? Framework Class Library (FCL)? ?????
   ?????????????? ???????? ???
2. ????? ? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????
   ????????? ?????? ???????????? native ???? ????? ?
   ?????????? ?? ????? MSIL?
3. ????? ????????????? .NET ???????????
   (assemblies)? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??
   ??????????? ? ???????????? ????? ?? .NET
   ????????????? ????? ? application domain?
4. ????? ? Common Language Specification (CLS)? ????
   ? ?????????? ???
5. ????? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?
   .NET Framework (Common Type System)?
6. ???????? ??????? ?? .NET ???????. ????? ? ??????
   ????? ????

64
??????????

1. ???????? ????????? ?????? ?? Framework Class
   Library (FCL).

65
?????????? ??????????

• MSDN, .NET Framework Technology Overview
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/technologyi
  nfo/overview/
• MSDN, Overview of the .NET Framework
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/cpguide/ht
  ml/cpovrintroductiontonetframeworksdk.asp
• Microsoft .NET Glossary http//members.microsoft
  .com/partner/products/NET/MicrosoftNET/DotNetGloss
  ary.aspx
• Mike Becker, .NET Technical Overview
  http//hp-events.hp3.nl/hp_itanium/presentaties/MS
  FT20-20NET20technical20overview_1.1.ppt
• MSDN Training, Programming C (MOC 2124C),
  Module 1 Overview of the Microsoft .NET Platform

66
?????????? ??????????

• Jonathon Walsh, Joe Misner, Smart Clients A
  Practitioner's Point of View http//www.developer
  .com/mgmt/article.php/3306741
• Svetlin Nakov, .NET Framework Overview
  http//www.nakov.com/publications/Nakov-DotNET-Fra
  mework-Overview-english.ppt
• MSDN, Compiling to MSIL http//msdn.microsoft.co
  m/library/en-us/cpguide/html/cpconmicrosoftinterme
  diatelanguagemsil.asp
• MSDN, Application Domains Overview
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/cpguide/ht
  ml/cpconapplicationdomainsoverview.asp

67
?????????? ??????????

• MSDN, What is the Common Language Specification
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/cpguide/ht
  ml/cpconwhatiscommonlanguagespecification.asp
• MSDN, Common Type System http//msdn.microsoft.c
  om/library/en-us/cpguide/html/cpconthecommontypesy
  stem.asp
• MSDN, The Common Language Infrastructure (CLI)
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/netframework/using/under
  standing/cli/
• MSDN, C Language http//msdn.microsoft.com/vcsh
  arp/language/
• MSDN, .NET Framework Class Library
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/cpref/html
  /cpref_start.asp

68
?????????? ??????????

• MSDN, Visual Studio .NET Product Overview
  http//msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio/productinfo/over
  view/