DISEASES AND THE MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE, FISHERIES AND FORESTS

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DISEASES AND THE MANAGEMENT OF WILDLIFE,
FISHERIES AND FORESTS
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DISEASE

• Definitions
• Infectious vs non-infectious
• Sublethal effects
• Vectors
• Reservoirs
• Management implications

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Definitions

• Disease Any alteration in the normal
  condition of an organism
• Enzootic disease occurs at regular rate in an
  area
• Intestinal flukes

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Definitions

• Epizootic disease occurs at a time or place
  that is not expected, or at a higher rate
• Hemorrhagic disease

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Hemorrhagic Disease
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Definitions

• Zoonoses between humans and other animals
• Example - Rabies

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Definitions

• Mortality Causing death
• Morbidity Causing clinical illness, sickness

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Infectious diseases microbial pathogen

• Viruses

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Infectious diseases microbial pathogen

• Bacteria
• Example Mycoplasmal conjunctivitis

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Infectious diseases microbial pathogen

• Protozoa
• Example Coccidiosis
• in pheasants

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Infectious diseases microbial pathogen

• Fungi
• Example Dutch elm disease

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Infectious diseases microbial pathogen

• Prions
• Example Chronic wasting disease
• Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
• Always fatal
• Found in WI in Feb 2002

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Non-infectious diseases caused by non-living
agents

• Malnutrition
• Physical injuries

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Sublethal effects

• Behavioral changes - botflies

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Sublethal effects

• Reproductive failure - brucellosis

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Sublethal effects

• Indirect mortality - ticks

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Sublethal effects

• Indirect mortality - warts

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Vectors

• Transfer pathogen from 1 host to another

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Reservoirs

• Store pathogens in the population
• Brainworm in deer

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Management

• Always present but seldom a problem
• May reflect stress and over-crowding
• Lack a good monitoring system
• Prevention of stress and injury
• Administer vaccines
• Interrupt life cycles of pathogens and vectors