MODULE FIVE

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MODULE FIVE

• Quebec and Confederation

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REASONS FOR CONFEDERATION

• Political
• unstable govt for ten years (no majority!)
• Great Coalition (Macdonald-Cartier-Brown)
• Military
• USA Manifest Destiny (all North America should
  be theirs) could result in armed invasion to take
  the Western Plains, plus Fenian (Irish
  nationalists) uprisings cause for concern
• Economic
• USA cancels Reciprocity Treaty in 1865 forcing
  Canada to find new markets in other British North
  American colonies
• a union would reduce trade barriers and tariffs
• Transportation
• a transcontinental railway would link east-west
  trade, help settle the empty west

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• Britain says YES because
• cuts administration and cost of colonies
• united colonies could defend themselves

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STEPS TO CANADA

• Charlottetown Conference Sept 1864
• to propose a Maritime Union
• Quebec Conference Oct 1864
• 72 Resolutions (draft details of union of British
  North American colonies, basis of BNA Act)
• London Conference 1866
• British Parliament BNA Act, approves
  confederation
• Ottawa July 1, 1867
• Dominion of Canada consists of Quebec, Ontario,
  Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

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BNA ACT

• PURPOSE to establish a federal political system
  with two levels of government federal in
  Ottawa and four provincial governments
• Immigration and Agriculture were shared
  responsibilities
• !!! federal government could also disallow any
  provincial law if it felt not in Canadas best
  interest

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Canada Growth Problems

• Expansion of Territories
• Manitoba 1870
• British Columbia 1871
• PEI 1873
• Metis Rebellions (1870 and 1885)
• Louis Riel leads both
• Manitoba becomes a province as a result of the
  Red River Rebellion
• Metis recognition and concerns ignored by
  Canadian govt
• Riel hanged as traitor, divides English/French
  Canada

• Federal-Provincial Relations
• PM John A. Macdonald wanted strong central govt
• Provincial premiers for QUE (Mercier) and ONT
  (Mowat) want Ottawa to stop stepping on
  provincial powers
• they want more autonomy (self-government)
• they do NOT like Ottawas disallowance power
  which gives the federal government to OVERIDE
  provincial power for the well-being of the
  country as a whole
• premiers meet to discuss their grievances against
  Ottawa and work for common goals (this continues
  today!)

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NATIONAL POLICY

• WHO PM John A. Macdonald
• CAUSE repeated economic recessions 1873-8
• CHARACTERISTICS protective tariffs,
  immigration/settlement of the West, railways
• PURPOSE a) provide domestic market for Canadian
  goods and industries
• b) settle the west via immigration c)
  develop industries in Que and Ont

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FIRST PHASE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION 1867 - 1896
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SOCIAL CHANGES

• 1. EMIGRATION
• ½ million Canadiens leave for USA 1850-1900
• ??WHY??
• lack of arable land, overpopulated seigneuries
• lack of work in cities
• mechanization
• SOLUTIONS
• colonize outlying areas (Laurentians,Saguenay-Lac
  St-Jean,Mauricie), subsidize rail access to these
  areas
• emigrate to USA (textile mills of New England!)
• move to city

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SOCIAL CHANGES

• 2. URBANIZATION
• by 1900 cities triple in size, Que population now
  36 urban
• directly related to industrialization
• overcrowded, inadequate housing, poor sanitation,
  pollution, high mortality rates, low literacy,
  poverty

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SOCIAL CHANGES

• 3. WORKING CONDITIONS
• 60-70 hrs per week, 10-12 hrs per day, less than
  10 per week
• factories used women/children who worked longer
  hours for less wages
• no concern for health or safety of workers
  (factories often dark, dank, poorly ventilated)

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SOCIAL CHANGES

• 4. UNIONS (Labour Movement)
• First unions created to change working conditions
• Strikes used as major weapon to improve
  conditions
• Unions and strikes often brutally suppressed
• Government and church very against unions
• 1885 Quebec passes laws in improve working
  conditions (limiting hours for women, age
  restrictions on children)

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SOCIAL CHANGES

• 5. Role of WOMEN
• early marriage, many pregnancies, cannot say No
  to husband
• little or no education, no rights, no vote
• Seen as weak, inferior
• ALTERNATIVE join a religious order (nun) where
  they could get an education, work
  (teacher/nurse), and work to position of power
  within their community
• BUT life was strict, severe, basic and often cut
  off from society at large

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PRACTICE QUESTIONS

• Around 1864, the approaching end of the
  Reciprocity Treaty with the United States was one
  of the  factors that led the colonies of British
  North America to consider forming a union.
• WHICH ONE OF THE FOLLOWING WAS A CAUSE OF
  CONFEDERATION IN 1867 ?
• A)    The desire to curb the emigration of
  French Canadians to
• the United StatesB)    The need
  to reinforce ties with the British EmpireC)   
  Britain's refusal to grant responsible
  governmentD)    The urgent need to develop a new
  domestic market
• within the colonies

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• 2. WHICH TWO STATEMENTS REPRESENT FACTORS THAT
  LED TO THE PASSING OF THE BRITISH NORTH AMERICA
  ACT (B.N.A. ACT) ?
•       1. The government rejected the Naval
  Bill that would have created a Canadian
  navy.     2. Industrialization led to the
  movement of people from the countryside to the
  cities.     3. The colony experienced a period
  of political instability 10 governments in 10
  years.     4. The Métis Rebellion in the West
  forced the Canadian government to react.     5.
  The United States government decided not to renew
  the Reciprocity Treaty.
• A) 1 and 2         B) 2 and 5             C) 3
  and 4              D) 3 and 5

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• 3. The British North America  Act of 1867 divided
  powers between the federal government and the
  provinces.
• IN WHICH AREAS WAS THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
  GIVEN EXCLUSIVE POWER TO LEGISLATE ?
• Administration of hospitals and education
• The military and customs duties
• Agriculture and immigration
• Administration of public lands and natural
  resources

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• 4. IN THE EARLY YEARS OF CONFEDERATION, WHAT DID
  THE PROVINCES OF QUEBEC    AND ONTARIO HAVE IN
  COMMON ?
• A)    Their premiers, Mercier and Mowat,
  fought for greater provincial autonomy.B)   
  They supported public financing of French schools
  in Manitoba.C)    They respected the rights of
  the Métis living in the west.D)    They
  supported the actions of Louis Riel.

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• 5. Canada experienced many economic difficulties
  between 1870 and 1880
• ineffective settlement of the West
• a weak domestic market
• flooding of the Canadian market with foreign
  products
• WHICH THREE OF THE FOLLOWING MEASURES WERE
  SOLUTIONS PROPOSED BY JOHN A. MACDONALD IN THE
  NATIONAL POLICY ?
•      1. Free trade     2. Extension of the
  railway system     3. Promotion of
  immigration     4. Increased tariffs (customs
  duties)     5. Development of mining     6.
  Land grants to the Métis
• A) 1,    2    and    3            B)  1,   
  5    and    6            
• C) 2,    3    and    4            D) 4,    5   
  and    6

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• 6. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING TEXTS DESCRIBES THE
  NATIONAL POLICY?
• A) The proximity and size of the American market
  encouraged (United Canada) to establish closer
  ties with the United States. Tariffs on products
  such as wheat and lumber were to be eliminated.
• B) They used ships made in Canada to trade
  various products with the French West Indies in
  the autumn.
• C) Increasing numbers of industrialists believed
  that free trade was essential for an economic
  recovery.
• D) The plan consisted of three principal
  measures protective tariffs, extension of the
  railroad towards the West and increased
  immigration.

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• 7. WHICH TWO OF THE FOLOWING DESCRIBE CHANGES
  THAT TOOK PLACE DURING  THE  FIRST PHASE OF
  INDUSTRIALIZATION (1867-1896) ?
• 1.    Most workers in the textile,
  clothing and rubber industries were women.2.   
  American investment in Canada rose from 168
  million to 881 million.3.    In 20 years, the
  number of butter and cheese factories rose from
  160 to 2000.4.    Americans dominated the
  automobile, petroleum, rubber, and pulp and
  paper  industries.5.    The majority of workers
  in Quebec were now unionized.
• A)    1    and    3       B)    1    and   
  5           C)    2    and    4      
• D)    3    and    4

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• 8. WHICH TWO TEXTS DESCRIBE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
  CHANGES THAT TOOK PLACE DURING THE FIRST PHASE OF
  INDUSTRIALIZATION (1867 TO 1896)?
• 1.    The dairy industry was well adapted to
  Quebec's climate and provided dairy products
  (milk, butter and cheese) that were in high
  demand in Quebec's urban centres.
• 2.    Mining became an important part of the
  Quebec economy. The focus was on the extraction
  and initial processing of minerals that would be
  exported.
• 3.    Houses were built hurriedly to meet the
  needs of a rapidly growing urban population. Most
  housing lacked an adequate supply of water and an
  effective sewage system.
• 4.    Following the stock market crash, the
  ensuing depression forced workers to accept wage
  reductions averaging 40 percent.
• 5.    "We have given the women of our province
  the right to vote because they, as educators   
  of the young and of the home, must have a say in
  everything that directly and indirectly affects
  the welfare of the family." Adélard Godbout
• A) 1 and 3                B) 1 and
  5                C) 2 and 4                D) 3
  and 4

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• 9. FROM EACH OF THE CATEGOTRIES BELOW, CHOOSE THE
  STATEMENT THAT DESCRIBES A SOCIAL CHANGE IN
  QUEBEC IN THE LATE 1800s.
• POPULATION MOVEMENTS1.    Most working families
  left the city to colonize new regions2.    Many
  French Canadians emigrated to the United States.
• LABOUR MARKET3.    Working conditions in the
  factories were good and improving rapidly.4.   
  Many women and children began working in textile
  and tobacco factories.
• UNIONISM5.    Most craft workers in Montreal and
  Quebec City became unionized.6.    The first
  unions appeared among workers.
• A)    1,    3,    6            B)    1,    4,   
  5            C)    2,    3,    5           
• D)    2,    4,    6

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• SYNTHESIS QUESTIONS
• 10. This is an overview of one period in the
  history of Quebec and Canada.
• Quebec
• The dairy industry developed in southern Quebec.
• The Riel affair angered French-Canadian
  nationalists.
• The government intervened very little in economic
  and social life.
• Canada
• Canada had seven provinces between the Atlantic
  and Pacific.
• The population was still mainly rural.
• A transcontinental railway was completed.
• ASSOCIATE THE ABOVE STATEMENTS WITH THE CORRECT
  HISTORICAL PERIOD.
•                              A)                   
      B)                        C)                  
         D) /______________/______________/______
  ________/______________/
•        1810                    
  1840                      1870                   
  1900                     1930

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• 11. FROM EACH OF THE FOLLOWING SETS, SELECT THE
  ELEMENT WHICH  CHARACTERIZES QUEBEC SOCIETY IN
  THE PERIOD 1867-1896.
• ECONOMIC
• 1. The construction of hydro-electric
  plants2. The development of the shoe and textile
  industries3. The development of the timber trade
• SOCIAL
• 4. Cholera epidemics5. A predominantly
  urban population6. Deplorable living and working
  conditions for working people
• POLITICAL
• 7. The Riel rebellions8. The first
  laws governing working conditions9. The absence
  of responsible government
• A)    1,    4    and    7        B)     1,   
  5    and    9        C)    2,    6    and   
  8       
• D)    3,    5    and    9

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ANSWERS

• 1 D 6 D
• 2 D 7 A
• 3 B 8 A
• 4 A 9 D
• 5 C 10 C
• 11 - C