Brain and Behavior

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Brain and Behavior
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Neuronal structure

• Cell body
• Dendrites
• Axon
• Terminal buttons
• Vesicles
• Transporter molecules
• Myelin

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Synapse

• Synapse - gap between two neurons

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Communication within a neuron

• Action potential
• Brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
  as charged ions move in and out of the axons
  membrane

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Communication within a neuron

• Action potentials
• Threshold of excitation
• Cell body to terminal buttons
• All-or-none firing
• Rate of firing

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Communication between neurons

• Neurotransmitters
• Chemical messengers released when action
  potential reaches the terminal button
• Carry message across the synapse
• Fit into receptors on the receiving neuron
• Excitatory
• Inhibitory

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Communication between neurons

• Synaptic communication is terminated when
  neurotransmitter is removed from the synapse
• Reuptake
• Enzymatic deactivation

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Neurotransmitters

• Acetylcholine
• Dopamine
• Norepinephrine
• Serotonin
• Glutamate
• GABA

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Drugs

• All psychotropic drugs work by binding to
  receptors in the brain
• Agonists
• Antagonists

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Nervous system

• Central nervous system
• - Brain
• - Spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system
• - All nerves extending from CNS

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Nervous system
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Types of neurons

• Sensory neurons
• Motor neurons
• Interneurons

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Reflexes

• Automatic responses to stimuli
• Occur entirely within the spinal cord

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Brain divisions regions

• Brain stem
• Myelencephalon
• Medulla
• Metencephalon
• Cerebellum
• Mesencephalon
• Reticular formation

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Brain divisions regions

• Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Hypothalamus

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Brain divisions regions

• Telencephalon
• Cerebral cortex
• Complex thought and behavior
• Limbic system
• Emotions
• Basal ganglia
• Coordination and balance

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Cerebral cortex

• Frontal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Occipital lobe

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Cerebral cortex

• Frontal lobe
• Prefrontal cortex
• Motor cortex
• Parietal lobe
• Sensory cortex

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Cerebral cortex

• Temporal lobe
• Auditory cortex
• Occipital lobe
• Visual cortex

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Lateralization of cortical function

• Left hemisphere
• Language areas
• Brocas area
• Wernickes area
• Analyzing sequences
• Right hemisphere
• Emotion
• Spatial relations

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Corpus Callosum

• Connects the two cortical hemispheres

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Split Brain Patients

• With the corpus callosum severed, objects (apple)
  presented in the right visual field can be named.
  Objects (pencil) in the left visual field cannot.

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Limbic system

• Hippocampus
• Amygdala
• Hypothalamus
• Nucleus accumbens

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Basal ganglia

• Coordinates balance and motor output
• Caudate
• Putamen
• Globus pallidus