GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS

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GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS
Presenter Dr. SYED ASAD SAYEED (Head of R
D) ABDUL HAQ (Sr. Research Officer) SARFARAZ
AHMED (Research Officer) MUNEER HUSSAIN (DM
RAAL) RD (RAAL) National Foods Limited
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GENE
Gene
A sequence of DNA that represents a fundamental
unit of heredity. Most genes encode proteins, but
some code for RNA molecules
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Cell
The cell is the structural and functional unit of
all living organisms, sometimes called the
"building blocks of life."
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Chromosome
One of a number of long strands of DNA and
associated proteins present in the nucleus of
every cell
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Nucleotide
A subunit of DNA or RNA consisting of a
nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or
cytosine in DNA adenine, guanine, uracil, or
cytosine in RNA), a phosphate molecule, and a
sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in
RNA). Thousands of nucleotides are linked to form
a DNA or RNA molecule. See DNA, base pair, RNA.
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Man or Mango Tree
We all share the same Language of Gene AGCT
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What is DNA?

• DNA is molecule of life.
• It contains all of instructions (genes) required
  to make an organism.

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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. The molecule that encodes
genetic information in the nucleus of cells. It
determines the structure, function, and behavior
of the cell.
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The Universal Language ATGC
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RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid (similar to the
double-stranded nucleic acid DNA) that contains
the sugar ribose (DNA contains deoxyribose).
There are many forms of RNA, including messenger
RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA (all
involved in protein synthesis).
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From Genes To Proteins
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Recombinant DNA Technology
Techniques for cutting apart, splicing together,
and producing pieces of DNA from different
sources
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INTRODUCTION

• A genetically modified food is a food product
  derived in whole or part from a genetically
  modified organism (GMO) such as a crop plant,
  animal or microbes (yeast).
• The origin of genetic engineering represent a
  series of sequential scientific advances from
  the discovery of DNA to the production of the 1st
  recombinant E.coli Bacteria producing human
  insulin in 1978.

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History of GM

• Modification in food has been taking place for
  thousands of years, but GM didnt start to take
  place until the 20th century
• In 1960s scientists made a huge breakthrough,
  which was to change the way we eat today
• In 1964 the International Rice Research Institute
  discovered how to double the amount of rice
  produced
• This was set to change world hunger

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History of GM

• This Green Revolution allowed farmers in third
  world countries to farm their harsh land
• It also increased the amount of a crop that was
  produced in a harvest
• This didnt end starvation, it actually
• caused many hidden problems that
• werent expected

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What is GM?

• Movement of Genetic Material
• The material is moved from one organism to
  another
• The Type of organism doesnt have to be the same

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Why are Foods Genetically Modified?

• Genetic engineering offers a rapid precise
  method of altering organisms as compared to
  traditional methods that are slow inaccurate.

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Common GM Foods

• Vegetables
• Tomatoes
• Potatoes
• Rice
• Cheese
• Meat

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How is Genetic Modification Possible?

• The components of DNA are the same in all
  organisms.
• Sequences that code for proteins can be moved
  from one organism to another.

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How common are GMO foods?

• Labeling of GM foods is not mandatory unless if
  there is a health or safety concern (Health
  Canada/Canadian Food Inspection Agency)

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Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs)
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Potential Benefits

• 1
• Pest resistance
• Herbicide resistance
• Cold tolerance
• Drought tolerance

2 Edible vaccines
Humanitarian
3 Increased nutrition
Improved farming
CHEAPER FOOD
MORE FOOD
Reducing World Hunger Improving World Health
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Possible Benefits of GM Foods

• Easing of world hunger
• Development of crops that can be grown in
  marginal soil
• Reduced strain on nonrenewable resources
• Development of drought resistant crops
• Development of salt-tolerant crops
• Development of crops that make more efficient use
  of nitrogen and other nutrients

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GM STANDARDS LABELS USED FOR THE THREE FOOD
ITEMS
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The Reality

• About 75 of the processed foods on the market in
  the U.S. today contain ingredients from GM crops.
• corn flour
• high fructose corn syrup
• corn oil
• vitamin C
• soy flour
• soy oil
• soy milk
• lecithin

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Possible Benefits of GM Foods

• Reduced use of pesticides and herbicides
• Development of pest resistant crops
• Reduced herbicide use is better for the
  environment and reduces costs for farmers

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Possible Risks for GM Foods

• Certain gene products may be allergens, thus
  causing harm to human health
• There may be unintended harm to wildlife and
  beneficial insects

Photo courtesy of T. W. Davies, Cal. Acad. of
Sciences.
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Advantages of GM
Pest Resistance

• Many people hate to think that they are eating a
  food that has had pesticides applied to them
• Pest resistant foods i.e. BT corn, will not allow
  pests to get at them, and also removes the
  application of pesticides
• This also reduces the cost of a product, which is
  beneficial to the consumer

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Advantages of GM
Herbicide Tolerance

• Normally, farmers either use tilling or
  herbicides to get rid of weeds
• This is very costly, can also damage the crops
  and has Agricultural waste run-off
• Monsanto have created products that can be
  applied once to the crops and will totally
  protect them from weeds
• This reduces the cost and hassle of growing the
  crops

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Advantages of GM
Herbicide Tolerance

• Normally, farmers either use tilling or
  herbicides to get rid of weeds
• This is very costly, can also damage the crops
  and has Agricultural waste run-off
• Monsanto have created products that can be
  applied once to the crops and will totally
  protect them from weeds
• This reduces the cost and hassle of growing the
  crops

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Advantages of GM
Cold Tolerance

• When crops are left in the cold, then often die,
  this is caused by frost getting at them.
• An anti-freeze has been invented from cold water
  fish
• This can be used in tobacco and potatoes
• It stops them from being frozen, which will allow
  winter farming
• This allows a farmer to farm all year round

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Disadvantages of GM

• Consumers, especially in Europe, are sceptical of
  GM products.
• Critics worry that GM foods may diminish the
  worlds food supply in the long run.
• Windblown gene-flow or animal carried pollen can
  contaminate nearby plants.

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Disadvantages of GM

• Millions of people are allergic to foods such as
  nuts, fish, and milk.
• GM products are adding proteins essential for
  body growth and repair, which could spark unknown
  reactions.

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Disadvantages of GM

• Scientists worry that plant-eating insects and
  weeds will develop resistance to BT crops.
• They are creating super-bugs which are
  genetically modified bugs that are allergic to
  some weeds, but pests are very effective to
  overcoming whatever mechanism we use to control
  them

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Safety Issues Unscientific

• Whether that risk is acceptable is a question
  that inherently involves social and individual
  values

• Key Factors
• Level of risk
• Type of risk
• Uncertainty
• Benefits
• Equity
• Choice
• Experience
• Trust
• Political and social context

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Sources of GMO Opposition

• Food Safety
• How do we know foods derived from biotech crops
  are safe?
• Environment
• How do we know GM crops wont harm the
  environment?
• Economic, social and cultural context
• Sustainability, globalization, privatization

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The Politics

• The terminology is confusing and politically
  charged
• biotechnology
• modern biotechnology
• genetically modified foods
• GM
• genetically modified organisms
• genetically engineered foods
• GE
• genetically enhanced foods
• Frankenfoods

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Politics Science behind GM food Industry

• News The (British) prime minister, Tony Blair
  has defended the use of genetically modified
  food saying theres no scientific evidence to
  justify its banning.
• News Experiment fuels modified food concern
  Research linking genetically modified food with
  stunted rats is adding to the fears about humans
  safety

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World Political Timeline

• 2001 Application for GM fish is submitted to
  FDA EU says labeling will be mandatory, trade
  war lingers Mexican maize contamination
  reported Monsanto abandons New Leaf potato
• 2002 Prodigene episode
• 2003 SubSaharan African nations reject US food
  aid with GM corn US sues EU in WTO
• 2004 New EU rules go in effect Monsanto
  shelves GM wheat Goldfish released unregulated

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Foreign GMO Timeline

• 1996 Mad cow disease linked to human brain
  disease
• 1997 European consumers protest US shipments
  Monsanto targeted
• 1999 Activists get violent Secretary Glickman
  is pummeled in Italy Monsanto PR campaign
  backfires in the EU Brazil, Australia and China
  threaten ban Monarch butterfly scare
• 2000 Starlink corn crisis

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Public Knowledge
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WORLD CONTRIBUTION OF GM FOODS
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Global GM Crops

• Over one-third of all GM crops are grown outside
  US, especially Argentina, Canada, Brazil, and
  China

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GMO Prevalence in the U.S.
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Gross Profitability for Selected American Food
Companies
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ORGANIC FOOD CHAIN
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Certification Basics

• Organic systems plan
• Crops build soil fertility, use few synthetics,
  minimize pollution
• Livestock origin, feed, healthcare, living
  conditions
• Handling/processing pest management, prevent
  commingling
• Use only approved substances/practices
• No genetic engineering, irradiation, sewage
  sludge
• National List all naturals allowed all
  synthetics prohibited except for whats on the NL
• Mandatory verification through inspections
• Initial site inspection
• Annual site inspection
• As many as needed to determine compliance

Ref USDA
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Organic Industry Stats

• Fastest growing U.S. food segment (20 annually)
• 2002 sales approximately 9 billion
• Accounts for 1-2 total U.S. food sales
• U.S. market projected at 30.7 billion by 2007
• Certified cropland in 2001 2.35 million acres
• Organic products sold in 73 of mainstream
  supermarkets

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Road to the National Organic Standards

• 1990 Organic Foods Production Act
• 1993 USDA names National Organic Standards
  Board
• 1997 USDA publishes first proposal
• 03/00 USDA publishes second proposal
• 12/00 USDA publishes final regulation
• 04/02 Accreditations and certifications begin
• 10/02 Full implementation

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TABLE 6Number of initiatives to develop GMOs
with resistance to pathogens

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Conclusion

• GM crops allow mass production of a certain food,
  creating more food for the demand of the rising
  population.
• GM crops are a lot cheaper than un-modified
  crops, which many people will prefer.
• It remains to be seen how well genetically
  modified products will become integrated into our
  society.
• The main deciding factors are the safety of the
  product for both humans and the environment, the
  cost of development, the acceptance of the
  consumer.

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Further Correspondence
Dr. Syed Asad Sayeed Asad.sayeed_at_nfoods.com
Abdul Haq Abdul.haq_at_nfoods.com,
Sarfaraz Ahmed Sarfaraz.ahmed_at_nfoods.com,
sarfaraz282_at_gmail.com
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABRAR HASAN Chief Executive, National Foods
Limited UNITED REGISTRAR OF SYSTEMS
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THANKS