Transport problems

1
Transport problems
2
Causes of transport problems

• Large urban population
• high concentration of human and economic
  activities
• intra-city intersections take place
• ( movement of people, goods, information,and
  energy through linkages such as transport )

3
Different trips

• Journeys to work
• the most important type of daily movement in
  the city
• move from the zones of dispersion to the
  zones of concentration where they work
• journeys from the various residential
  districts in urban areas to the CBD made by the
  white-collar workers

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• journeys from the lower class residential areas
  to the industrial districts in the urban area,
  made by the industrial workers
• journeys from the main urban areas to the new
  towns are made by those working in the
  manufacturing industries and construction work
• journeys start from and end up in the same new
  town, and between new towns
• journeys tend to be longer
• journeys rely more on public transport and
  reflect a constant trip frequency
• journeys mainly end at either the CBD,
  industrial estates or other employment centres

5

• Journeys to shops
• some retail shops are widely scattered over
  the city, shopping trips seldom cause serious
  traffic congestion, except around festival times
• cause important and complex interactions
• ( between the main shopping centres and the
  residential districts from which most customers
  come, and between the main shopping centres and
  the industrial and wholesale areas from which
  many of the retail goods come )

6

• journeys end at various orders of shopping
  centres with more trips to neighbourhood shopping
  centres than to others
• the introduction of the MTR is possible to to
  make multi-purpose trips
• both journeys to work and shops show the
  effects of distance-decay functions
• many of the retailing districts with large
  residential population
• journeys can involve substantial private
  transport and walking
• the distance and the trip frequency vary
  according to the types and orders of goods
  consumed, family needs, income, age, and other
  consumer behaviour

7

• Journeys to school
• journeys are usually shorter than journeys to
  work, especially for young children
• Social trips
• social visits to friends and relatives
  generally reach a peck during weekends, holidays,
  and festival
• various distance, and can sometimes be longer
  than journeys to work

8

• Recreational trips
• peak periods of recreational trips are
  weekends, holiday and special festival , e.g,
  Ching Ming and Chung Yeung Festival
• long and occur with groups of people

9
Segregation of functional district/work
places and homes

• allows for a better living environment and for
  the benefits of agglomeration (
  economic of scale )
• However it is often accompanied by increasing
  road use and increased problems of transportation
• rising living standards result in rising car
  ownership

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• rising demand from road users exceed the rate
  of transport development
• in the past a lack of town planning and poorly
  thought out transport also caused transport
  problems
• the skeletal transport network is inadequate,
  with limited road capacity
• the steep relief has also led to narrow and
  winding roads

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Nature/types of urban transport problems

• High level of traffic congestion
• These occur along main roads which link the
  suburbs and new towns to the inner parts of the
  city.
• Serious congestion occurs during the rush hours
  on weekdays due to the great numbers of cars,
  mainly private cars which carry very few
  passengers. Traffic congestion is most acute at
  bottle-necks.

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• Inability to handle large amount of cargoes
  efficiently within a short time in the pier areas
  
• In -the transitional zones, loading and unloading
  of goods from vehicles causes serious traffic
  congestion, especially during business hours.
• Peak hours problems
• Peak-hour congestion also causes uneven spread of
  of traffic throughout the day.
• The reduced rate of traffic flow during rush
  hours as a result of congestion causes even more
  congestion

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• Insufficient public transport services
• There are not enough public transport services
  with the large passenger-carrying capacities to
  disperse the commuters within a short time
• Public transport needs a large numbers of stops
• This can make journeys slow and tedious for
  commuters

14

• Problems in finding parking spaces
• This problems is most serious in central areas
  where many cars and commercial vehicles enter the
  CBD
• Parking along street-sides, or even
  double-parking, reduce the space for traffic
  movement
• Construction of large-scale publics works
• Various fly over cause temporary congestion and
  aggravate the traffic congestion problems

15

• Transportation services consume large amounts of
  energy
• This hasten the exploitation of natural/power
  resources
• Transportation generates pollution problems
• Traffic congestion is often accompanied by
  polluted air, high accidental dearth rates and
  irritating noise pollution
• Increasing building heights in older/inner areas
• This makes the dispersion of noise ineffective,
  because noise is trapped between buildings in
  narrow streets

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Solution to transport problems

• Reduction in the rates of increase in the number
  of private automobiles and car owners.
• This can be done through the following measures
• Road tolls
• High parking fees
• Costly car license
• Heavy purchase taxes on new cars
• High failure rate for driving tests
• Electronic road pricing system (ERP) where a
  meter is installed in the car is automatically
  activated

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• Speeding up bus services
• To encourage and expand the public transport
  system whilst curbing private transport by
  introducing bus only lanes
• Expansion of publics services
• An introduction of new bus routes serving growing
  demands in public housing estates and new town
• An annual expansion of bus fleets
• An introduction of coach bus services to
  upper-class residential districts

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• Construction of traffics routes/paths on, above
  or below land surface
• Urban expressways
• Waterfront expressways
• Rural-urban highways
• Flyovers
• tuunels
• Separation of pedestrians from traffic
• Construction of pedestrians from traffic

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• Increased car parking
• Particularly in newly built private housing in
  middle and upper class residences
  
• Restricting the use of cars
• Cars should be used at certain times and in
  certain areas
• The growth of multiple car-owning households
  should be discouraged
• Proposals need to be made to keep private cars
  out of cities rather than trying to accommodates
  them by building elaborate and costly parking and
  underpass projects

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Case study in developed countries

• Britain

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Introduction

• Britain is a country with long history , during
  the Industrial Revolution , there was a very fast
  development in Britain.
• Therefore , transport development was very rapid
  in order to accompany with the development of
  industry.
• However , because of the long history , there are
  a lot of transport problem remained in Britain in
  the modern time.

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Transport problem in Britain

• Unplanned narrow streets
• Car parking difficulties
• Delay caused by buses and delivery lorries
• Air pollution from vehicles exhausts health
  problem
• Noise and visual pollution
• Numerous road work ( e.g repairing )
• The British government has been doing a lot in
  order to solve all these problem . In recent
  years , there is a great improvement in both
  ocean shipping , rail , road and air transport in
  Britain.

23
Ocean Shipping

• In 1860 , Felixstowe was Britains ninth largest
  port handling only 1 of the countrys seaborne
  trade
• By1992 , it was the largest container port
  already .

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Reasons

• Felixstowe located on the major trade routes with
  the Europe
• Availability of loading facilities
• Cheap land provide space for expansion
• Good road linkage with its hinterland
• Good industrial relations no restrictive
  industrial practices
• British government infrastructure , good
  atmosphere to encourage ocean shipping
  development.
• The development of this place also help to solve
  the problem of traffic congestion in the road
  system , and it is a more effective way to use
  different mean of transport

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Rail transport

• Rail is the most convenient method of moving
  bulky goods and large numbers of passages .
  Therefore , British government also encourage the
  development of railway inside the country . Like
  underground railways , light railways and urban
  super-trams.

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Example in Britain

• A 110km high speed Channel Tunnel rail linking
  Kent and London
• It is scheduled for opening in 2007
• Aimed at attracting commuters and international
  travelers to use

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Difficulties

• Delay occurs in the original proposal , the rail
  have to cut through some of the most attractive
  scene and residential area , it arouse a lot of
  opposition
• Insufficient capital -gtno private investment

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Road transport

• To solve road traffic problem , British
  government had
• Created an outer ring roads to divert traffic
  from city centers and motorway to urban centers
• In 1998 New Duel for transport which
  aimed at
• Improving management of the truck road network to
  reduce delay
• Maintaining better road
• Securing more car park
• Reducing pollution..etc.
• (Please refer to David for more details p.613)

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Difficulties

• Several large centers refused to apply because
• Fear of driving away inward investment and
  shoppers
• Land values next to urban motorways reduced
• Pollution still exists
• High risk of road accident

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Air transport

• Over 80 million people used the four airports in
  London in 1996
• By 2016 , there will be 173 million passengers
• Noise level are falling as technology improved
• Exist of car parking facilities enable better
  development of the air transport

31
A case study in less developed country

• China

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Introduction

• In the recent year, there is a fast development
  in China. However, the transport development is
  still not well-developed as expected. Its mainly
  because of the backwardness of the interior part
  of China. Nearly all the transport facilities are
  concentrated in the coastal part

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The development of Yangtze water transport

• Yangtze is the main artery from the coast to the
  inland China
• However, before the building of the Three Georges
  Dam, only ships under 1500 tonnes can negotiate
  there, because
• Numerous sharp bends, narrow sections and shoals
  (??), and rapids
• Too fast and dangerous during the annual flood
  which time the river levels rise by over 10m
• Too shallow and dangerous during times of low
  water in early each year

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• After the building of the Three Georges Dam
• Turn the river behind the dam into a lake 600km
  in length
• Depth of the lake is 175m higher than the present
  low water level
• Ensure ships of up to 1000 tonnes can sail safely
• Reduce the transport costs by 35 percent
• development of the HEP

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Traffic development in Shanghai

• On its road, there are 100000 scooters, 30000
  taxi, and numerous company cars, private cars,
  lorries, buses and minibuses
• Problems the city is permanently shrouded in
  smog
• Reasons behind
• there is neither a conservation lobby nor the
  mean to hold public enquiries
• Abundance of cheap labour enable work on a
  project can continue 24 hours a day and 7 days a
  week.

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Attempted solutions

• Building of a 47km elevated ring road
• Building of a cross-city north-south motorway and
  an east-west motorway
• People living on the route of the new motorway
  were given the option of being moved to a new
  flat in the suburbs or being given money
• The project can run smoothly as people are
  willing to move

37
Other problems

• As the new properties were found in the edge of
  Shanghai, people have to transport a long distant
  to their working place, it always contain over
  1hour
• But the only methods of crossing the Huangpu
  River in 1990 was by ferry
• Solution
• In 1999, there were three road bridges, two
  underground tunnels and one road tunnel built
  across the Huangpu River

38
Other development in Shanghai

• New international airport was opened in 1999
• New international deepwater port will be in use
  by the early 21st century

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Conclusion

• Shanghais atmospheric pollution had decreased,
  the transport are much improved as people can
  spend less time on travelling. Its a sign to
  show the central government had effectively
  solved the transport problems in China in the
  past decades of years.