VIKTOR ELK

1
The synchrony and diachrony of vowel length in
óka Romani

• VIKTOR ELÍK
• University of Manchester Charles University,
  Prague

2
óka Romani
Poland
Czechia
Ukraine
Austria
Hungary
3
óka Romani
Poland
Czechia
NC
Ukraine
SC
Austria
Hungary
4
(No Transcript)
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Slovak
Hungarian
6
Vowel system
óka Romani
Sók Hungarian
uú
ií
üi
uú
ií
üi
oó
eé
ö
oó
eé
ö
òè
òè
á
a
á
a
7
Vowel length

• Phonemics

• correlation 5 core pairs 3 marginal pairs
• length also in consonants geminates
• quality difference a central unrounded, á
  back rounded

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Vowel length

• Phonemics

• correlation 5 core pairs 3 marginal pairs
• length also in consonants geminates
• quality difference a central unrounded, á
  back rounded

• Phonotactics

• independent of (the always initial) stress
  position
• independent of position within word
• restrictions on codas some fricatives, almost no
  plosives, few clusters

9
Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla brick lt H tégla
ãúfnòvo nickname lt H csúfnév
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Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla brick lt H tégla
ãúfnòvo nickname lt H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò
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Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla brick lt H tégla
ãúfnòvo nickname lt H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

• Croatian

Pojáko Vlax Rom lt C PoljÇk Pole
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Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla brick lt H tégla
ãúfnòvo nickname lt H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

• Croatian

Pojáko Vlax Rom lt C PoljÇk Pole
prósto non-Rom lt prosto lt C prost
simple perníca pillow lt pernica lt C
pïrnica blanket
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Vowel length in loans

• Hungarian

tégla brick lt H tégla
ãúfnòvo nickname lt H csúfnév csúfnòv-ò

• Croatian

Pojáko Vlax Rom lt Poljako lt C PoljÇk Pole
prósto non-Rom lt prosto lt C prost
simple perníca pillow lt pernica lt C
pïrnica blanket
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Lengthening

• Substitutive

• in polysyllables in pretonic position

bokhálo hungry lt bokhálo bokhalíle they got
hungry lt bokhalíle

• in monosyllables (in tonic position)

béng devil lt beng káj where lt kaj
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Lengthening

• Substitutive

• in polysyllables in pretonic position

bokhálo hungry lt bokhálo bokhalíle they got
hungry lt bokhalíle

• in monosyllables (in tonic position)

béng devil lt beng káj where lt kaj

• Compensatory

• through contraction V(V).vV gt VV

-á 1SG.FUT lt -ava dí day lt díve lt dives

• through monophthongization V(V)v. gt VV

sú needle lt suv kólo soft lt kovlo
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Polysyllables

• a) disyllables no coda

• báro big, lólo red, sáno thin, névo new,
  úÏo clean, láãho good, úko dry
• gullo sweet, harno short, tikno small
• koro blind lt korro lt koRo

• párno white, térno young, sásto healthy

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Polysyllables

• a) disyllables no coda

• báro big, lólo red, sáno thin, névo new,
  úÏo clean, láãho good, úko dry
• gullo sweet, harno short, tikno small
• koro blind lt korro lt koRo

• párno white, térno young, sásto healthy

• b) polysyllables (gt2) no coda nucleus a

• barválo rich, bokh-ál-o hungry, guruv-án-o
  beef, am-ár-o our, gadÏ-ikán-o non-Rom
• dilino silly, kauko deaf, kat-un-o wooden

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Polysyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo new

• pharo heavy
• phuro old
• ãoRo poor

• kalo black
• ãalo replete 0

• laãho good

• uko dry 0
• kauko deaf () 0

• terno young
• bango crooked

• -al-
• -un- 0

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Polysyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo new

• pharo heavy
• phuro old
• ãoRo poor

• kalo black
• ãalo replete 0

• laãho good

• uko dry 0
• kauko deaf () 0

• terno young
• bango crooked

• -al-
• -un- 0

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Polysyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo new

• pharo heavy
• phuro old
• ãoRo poor

• kalo black
• ãalo replete 0

• laãho good

• uko dry 0
• kauko deaf () 0

• terno young
• bango crooked

• -al-
• -un- 0

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Polysyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• nevo new

• pharo heavy
• phuro old
• ãoRo poor

• kalo black
• ãalo replete 0

• laãho good

• uko dry 0
• kauko deaf () 0

• terno young
• bango crooked

• -al-
• -un- 0

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Monosyllables

• a) rhotic coda lengthening

• kher house

• bár garden, ãór thief, dár fear, gér
  scab, pór feather, sír garlic, zár body
  hair, zór power
• bár stone lt baR, pér abdomen lt peR

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Monosyllables

• a) rhotic coda lengthening

• kher house

• bár garden, ãór thief, dár fear, gér
  scab, pór feather, sír garlic, zár body
  hair, zór power
• bár stone lt baR, pér abdomen lt peR

• b) other codas no lengthening

• gój intestine
• hév hole
• vé forest
• béng devil

• mol wine, pral brother, Èhil butter etc.
• ãhon moon, lon salt, men neck etc.
• baj sleeve, muj mouth, roj spoon etc.
• dÏuv louse, gav village, jiv snow etc.
• mas meat, phus straw etc.
• bast luck, dand tooth etc.

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Monosyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• bar garden 0
• baR stone
• kher house
• zor power

• mol wine
• khul excrement

• kan ear
• phen sister

• jag fire
• jakh eye
• nakh nose

• ber year
• beng devil

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Monosyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• bar garden 0
• baR stone
• kher house
• zor power

• mol wine
• khul excrement

• kan ear
• phen sister

• jag fire
• jakh eye
• nakh nose

• ber year
• beng devil

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Monosyllables cross-dialect
óka Lovari Welsh Finnish Sinti Latvian

• bar garden 0
• baR stone
• kher house
• zor power

• mol wine
• khul excrement

• kan ear
• phen sister

• jag fire
• jakh eye
• nakh nose

• ber year
• beng devil

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Hierarchies

• Phonetic

• coda or following onset sonorant gt obstruent gt
  cluster
• rhotic gt liquid gt nasal
• dental, velar gt labial
• voiced gt voiceless
• nucleus vowel quality low gt other
• number of syllables disyllabic gt polysyllabic

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Hierarchies

• Phonetic

• coda or following onset sonorant gt obstruent gt
  cluster
• rhotic gt liquid gt nasal
• dental, velar gt labial
• voiced gt voiceless
• nucleus vowel quality low gt other
• number of syllables disyllabic gt polysyllabic

• Extraphonetic

• lexical frequency frequent gt less frequent

• function words ój s/he, ón they, káj where
• numerals jék one, dúj two, trín three,
  pándÏ five

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Lexicalization

• Lexical split

gada shirts gáda clothes anglal from the
front of ánglal in/to the front
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Lexicalization

• Lexical split

gada shirts gáda clothes anglal from the
front of ánglal in/to the front

• Hypoanalysis

úÏo clean gt úÏ-ón-e cleanly dél God
gt déll-ór-o Jesus gt déll-ór-ikán-o
Jesus-like báro big gt bárì-íl-e they grew
bokhálo hungry gt bokhal-íl-e they got hungry
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Iconicity

• Adverbs

ánd-e (to) inside
tél-e downwards
ángl-e fore-
ándr-al inside
tél-al down
ángl-al in/to the front
ángl-altú from the front
tél-altú from down
ándr-altú from inside

• Related prepositions

and-i in, into
angl-i in front of
tal under
and-ar out of
angl-al from the front of
tal-al from under
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Morphologization

• Perfective lengthening

ha- eat há-l- pi- drink pí-l- mer-
die mú-l- per- fall pé-l- dÏa-
go gé-l- prav- open prá-d- av-
come á-l- ov- be, become,
bear ú-l- rov- weep rú-n- sov-
sleep sú-t-
phír- walk phír-d- merav- cause to
die mera-d-
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Syntacticization

• Head

• Modifier

o rom hi phúro the man is old i zumi má tádi hi
the soup is already cooked odna khera sne amáre
the houses were ours
phuro rom old man tadi zumi cooked soup amare
khera our houses
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Syntacticization

• Head

• Modifier

o rom hi phúro the man is old i zumi má tádi hi
the soup is already cooked odna khera sne amáre
the houses were ours
phuro rom old man tadi zumi cooked soup amare
khera our houses
mri daj somorúni ssa my mum was sad o rom hi
térno the man is young
somorúni daj sad mum térno rom young man
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Syntacticization

• Head

• Modifier

o rom hi phúro the man is old i zumi má tádi hi
the soup is already cooked odna khera sne amáre
the houses were ours
phuro rom old man tadi zumi cooked soup amare
khera our houses
mri daj somorúni ssa my mum was sad o rom hi
térno the man is young
somorúni daj sad mum térno rom young man

• Split stress gt split length

• phúro lt phúro lt phuro lt phuro
• phuro rom lt phuro rom lt phuro rom lt phuro rom

phurÿ gjas o m?r the man grew old
phurÿ m?r old man
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Summary
Hungarian
universals
phonological lengthening
lexicalization
phonemics word-level phonotactics
morphologization
óka
óka