How the Genetic Message Changes

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Chapter 28.2

• How the Genetic Message Changes

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28.2

• Mutation. Any change in copying the DNA message
• Result?
• Wrong type of protein
• could be made ? causing
• a different trait to appear
• Is this good or bad?

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28.2 hemophilia

• Hemophilia is an inherited deficiency of a
  blood-clotting factor that results in excessive
  bleeding (see pictures below)
• Clotting factors VIII or IV are deficient,
  resulting in blood NOT clotting

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Are males or females more likely to inherit the
hemophilia gene?On what chromosome is the
hemophilia gene located? ______
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28.2 what causes a mutation?

• Radiation. Energy that is given off by atoms
• a. Ionizing Radiation (high energy (X-rays)
  create free-radicals)
• b. Non-ionizing Radiation (DNA easily absorbs e-
  as UV light)
• Thymine and Cytosine
• are particularly vulnerable)

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What kind of Radiation can cause skin cancer?

• Non-ionizing One mutation creates more Thymine
  which can trigger cancer growth
• Basal Cell Carcinoma (most common, raised lump,
  uncolored, red-brown or black) Far Right
• Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2nd most common, pink,
  firm to touch) Middle
• Malignant Melanoma (Fastest spreading, dark,
  encrusted itchy lumps) Far Left

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28.2 Cloning

• Identical Twin. Split from one fertilized egg
  (monozygotic)
• Same DNA / Same sex
• Two clones having same genes
• Fraternal Twins. Come from
• two different fertilized eggs
• No more alike than two
• Siblings in same family

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28.2 cloning cont.

• Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer.
• How they created Dolly

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28.2 Human cloning

• Right Somatic cell nuclear
• transfer in humans
• Below the actual process of
• de-nucleating the cell

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28.2 plant and animal breeding

• Breeding. Bringing together of two living things
  to produce offspring
• Smaller Brahman cattle have been bred (compare
  bottom left to right)
• Ten small cows can graze on the same amount of
  land and produce 3x more meat as one large cow

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28.2 breeding cont.

• Top Right Cotton plants can be bred to grow
• in its native land and be resistant to disease
• Below Chickens can be bred for low-cholesterol
• eggs higher white meat content (bottom right), or
• the color of eggs (depending on surroundings)
• (Perregrine eggs shown below)

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28.2 splicing genes and gene therapy

• Recombinant DNA.
• Combining a piece of
• DNA into another
• organisms DNA,
• resulting in a blending
• of both species traits

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28.2 gene therapy

• Gene therapy. Adding a healthy gene into the body
  of a person suffering from a disorder caused by a
  mutated gene.

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