In

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Progress with Photo-detectors

• In
• 8th Topical Seminar on Innovative Particle and
  Radiation Detectors
• Jean-louis Faure CEA-DAPNIA-SPP

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Photo-detectors
Vacuum Devices Solid States Detectors Gaseous
Detectors
High Energy Physics Astro-Physics Medecine
Restriction to Visible Light
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Requirements I
Photon counting capability In scintillation
detection In Cerenkov light detection Pixelisati
on Single photon Scintillating fiber Cerenkov
counter RICH Low photon Yield (single
photon) Gain Speed Large Surface Coverage Harsh
Environement Magnetic field Radiation field
High Energy Physics
Astro Physics
Medicine
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Requirements II Resolution reminder
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Requirements III Resolution reminder
G gtgtENC or ENC small !! Nbackground ltlt
Nsignal QE as high as possible ENF as close as
1. Ccol as close as 100 Ng as large as possible
!!!
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Requirements IV Resolution summary
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Hybrid Photo-Diode
PMT
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Avalanche Photo-diode
Energy Resolution
0.1
Photo Diode
Poisson (statistic) Limit ENF1 QE1 Ccol1
0.01
0.001
No.of Photons
10 0
10 1
10 3
10 4
10 2
10 7
10 6
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Vacuum Devices
Vacuum Devices are the ground of Photodetection
since more than 40 years There are still
important progress made and to be made ? Last
years a lot of efforts on Compactness Flat
PMT Pixelization Multi-anode
PMT Hybridation Hybrid Photo-diode
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FLAT PMT Hamamatsu
RICH2002 J. Vavra (SLAC)
64 Pixels
Metal Channel dynode
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Delft Electronic Products B.V. HPDs
Photon Counting possibility
LHCb
CMS HCAL
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MultiAnode PMT
EUSO Focal Plane 2.5 m diameter 250.000 pixels
Hamamatsu R5900 series M64 (64 anodes metal
dynode chains)
Hamamatsu R7600-M16/M64
Enhancing the actual active surface From 38 to
85 From RICH2002 Workshop Franz Muheim (U.of
Edinburgh)
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Large PMT Examples
10 TeV Muon Event
AUGER 1600 water tanks 3 PMTs 4800 PMT of 9
Photonis XP1805/D1
ICECUBE (Amanda II) 60 PMTs/string 80
strings 4800PMTs
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Quantum Efficiency
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MCP RD
Micro Channel Plate MCP-PMTs
Silicon Micro Channel Plate
Silicon MCP are made by photolithography 5 mm
pores Potential large surface Strip readout (X
and Y) pixel nb reduction
From O.Siegmund SSL UCB
Burle Planacom
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APDs
CMS ECAL Double APD
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APDs cont
k is the hole / elec velocity ratio G the gain
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APDs RD
How to overcome the ENF versus Gain issue How
to operate at high gain without increasing ENF
Run at low temperature Reverse APDs LAAPD
Large Array APD
Build a HAPD HPMT using an APD instead of an
PIN diode
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Silicon PM
by P. Buzhan, B. Dolgoshein et. al.
G 2x106 ENF1 QE10 Sensitive area 1.5x1.5 mm
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Gaseous Photo Detector
Multi-GEM GMPTs From Breskin et al.
CsI Quantum Efficiency
CsI photo-cathode mature technology Is well
adpated to RICH How to work in visible light ? A
possible solution for very large surface detector
fast signals 1-10 ns high gain gt105
sensitivity to single photoelectrons
operation in noble gases (mixtures) high
2D precision
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Summary
Huge progress in small pixel photodetectors
Hybid devices HPD, MaPMT,. Solid states
arrays PiN, APD,. RD Hybrid improvement
(HAPD) Promising use of nano-technology Silicon
MCP
High Energy Physics Medicine
Very Large surface (volume) coverage Vacuum
devices today only solution ? RD needs Dream no
vacuum Large area photo-cathode
Astro Particule Astrophysics