Princeton Review

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Princeton Review

• AP World History
• May 17, 2007

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The Ancient StuffAround 8000 BCE to Around600 CE
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The Big Picture

1. What are civilizations all about?
2. How does change occur within a society?
3. How are people impacted by, and how do they
   impact, geography and climate?

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Nomads

• Why was the development of more stable
  civilizations so significant?
• Language
• Fire
• Simple stone tools
• Foraging Societies hunter-gatherer
• Pastoral Societies domestication of animals

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Neolithic Revolution (Agricultural Revolution)

• Nomads start staying in the same place
• Becomes their home
• Food surplus specialized labor
• Beginnings of civilization
• Dramatically impacted environment

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• Technology
• Use of animals
• Wheels, sails, baskets
• Use of Metals (Bronze Age) later part of
  Neolithic Revolution

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Civilizations

• Rivers fertile soil
• Social, Political and Economic developments
• City States loosely connected
• Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and the Americas

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Mesopotamia Land between Rivers
(Tigris/Euphrates)

• Sumer, Babylon, Persia
• Unpredictable flooding

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Sumer

• Developed cuneiform form of writing spread
  through trade routes to other regions
• Wheel, 12 month calendar, math system based on
  sixty, geometry
• Polytheistic Ziggurats (temples for their gods)
• When disaster struck, the gods were unhappy

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Babylon

• Sumer declined Akkad rose to dominate region
  wrote first known code of laws in cuneiform.
• Babylon overtook Akkad
• King Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi

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• Babylon fell to Kassites and then Hittites used
  iron weapons
• Assyria capital Ninevah learned use of iron
  weapons from Hittites cruel sent large groups
  of people into exile (cultural diffusion)
• Medes and Chaldeans defeat Assyria King
  Nebuchadnezzar rebuilds Babylon

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Persia Empire

• Built road system Great Royal Road
• Within the Persian Empire
• Lydians coined money
• Phoenicians established naval city-states
  developed simple 22 letter alphabet (led to our
  system of letters)
• Hebrews Judaism monotheistic believed they
  were Gods chosen people

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Ancient Egypt

• Nile River
• Predictable flooding followed stable
  agricultural process
• Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom height
  of power

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• Pharaohs, hieroglyphics, astronomy, calendar
• Trade need a lot of supplies for huge building
  projects brought them into contact with other
  civilizations
• Polytheistic belief in afterlife (pyramids)

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• Queen Hatshepsut first known female ruler
• High status of women more rights and
  opportunities than Mesopotamia women

Peasants
Pharaohs
Priests
Nobles
Merchants/Artisans
Slaves
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• Egypt Decline
• Assyria invaded
• Persia conquered
• Later Greeks occupied Egypt
• Became part of Roman Empire

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Indus Valley Civilization

• Mountains limited contact with other
  civilizations (Khyber Pass)
• Harappa and Mohenjo-Darro carefully planned
  cities strong central government
• Polytheistic

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• Cities were abandoned (dont know why)
• Aryans arrived to the area
• Belief system (reincarnation)
• Social structure (caste system)
• Would be basis of Hinduism

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China

• Shang
• Isolated
• Bronze, horse drawn chariots
• Spoked wheel
• Production of pottery and silk
• Extended family belief in dead ancestor spirits

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• Zhou longest lasting dynasty (900 yrs)
• Mandate of Heaven
• Feudal System king granted land to nobles
  eventually nobles became too powerful and built
  own kingdoms
• Decline fighting feudal kingdoms

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Mesoamerica and Andean South America

• Developed independently from the other
  civilizations
• Did not develop along rivers
• Olmec (Mexico)
• Corn, beans squash
• Irrigation, large scale buildings, polytheistic,
  writing, calendar

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• Chavin (Andes, S. America)
• Access to coast supplemented diet with seafood
• Polytheistic, use of metal tools, used llamas

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West Africa

• Bantu Migrations the Bantu family of languages
  migrated South and East
• Migrated due to climatic changes
• Jenne-Jeno first city in Sub-Sahara
• Fishing settlement
• A collection of individual communities

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Classical Civilizations
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India

• Mauryan Empire
• Chandragupta Maurya unified the Aryan kingdoms
• Ashoka Maurya his grandson take it to its
  height
• Trade powerful military
• Ashoka converted to Buddhism
• Rock and Pillar Edicts live generous and
  righteous lives
• Ashokas conversion to Buddhism enabled it to
  spread throughout SE Asia

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• Gupta Empire
• Mauryan Empire declined Chandra Gupta revived
  it.
• Decentralized smaller empire
• Mathematics Pie and zero, Arabic numerals
• Iron weapons
• Hinduism once again dominant religion
• Reinforced caste system
• Women lost rights
• Child marriages

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China

• Qin Dynasty
• Lasted less than a decade
• Qin Shihuangdi legalism
• Recentralized feudal kingdoms standardized laws
  strict on dissent
• Built Great Wall of China

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• Han Dynasty
• Trade thrived along silk road carried culture
• Buddhism spread
• Civil service system exam for highly educated
  government workers
• Invented paper, sundials and calendars broadened
  use of metals

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Greece

• Trade thrived due to limited land resources
• Collection of polis (city-states)
• Athens political, commercial and cultural
  center
• Government changed from monarchy to aristocracy
  (Draco and Solon)

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• Sparta militaristic and agricultural
• Society
• Citizens adult males
• Free people no rights
• Slaves 1/3 of population relied heavily on
  slaves
• All citizens (adult males) were expected to
  participate in in civic decisions lead to first
  democracy

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• Polytheistic mythology
• Persian Wars united Greece to fight mutual
  enemy
• Pericles
• Golden Age
• Rebuilt Athens
• Delian League alliance of Greek city-states

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• Philosophy Socrates, Plato Aristotle
• Comedies and tragedies
• Homer wrote The Iliad and The Odyssey
• Ancient Greek accomplishments would be
  inspiration for European Renaissance and
  Enlightenment 2000 years later

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• Decline of Athens
• Peloponnesian War Athens vs. Sparta Sparta
  Wins
• Macedonians Philip conquered Greece, but
  allowed culture to flourish

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• Alexander the Great
• Defeats Persian Empire
• Spreads Greek culture Hellenism
• 3 Empires Antigonid (Greece and Macedon),
  Ptlomaic (Egypt), Seleucid (Bactria and Anatolia)
• Focused on Ptlomaic Alexandria Hellenistic
  cultural city

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Rome

• Polytheistic (Greek Origin)
• Social Structure
• Patricians/Plebeians
• Twelve Tables of Rome (innocent until proven
  guilty)
• Pater familias eldest male
• Slaves

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Roman Military

• Carthage city-state in N. Africa became enemies
• Punic Wars with Carthage
• Hannibal
• Rome became undisputed power in Mediterranean

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Collapse of Republic

• 1st Triumvirate Pompey, Crassus, Julius Caesar
• Civil War between Caesar and the Senate Caesar
  become emperor

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• 2nd triumvirate Octavius, Marc Antony, Lepidus
• OctaviusAugustus Caesar end of republic
• Pax Romana

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• Literature
• Architecture (Pantheon, Coliseum, Forum)
• Science
• Ptolemy (Astronomy)
• Roads and aqueducts

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• Paganism made sacrifices to gods
• Christianity
• Grew out of Judaism
• Persecution
• Constantine ended persecution
• Edict of Milan Christianity became official
  religion

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Empires Collapse

• Han China
• Would end up being divided into several regional
  kingdoms for 400 yrs
• Gupta India
• Invaded by Huns (culture survived)

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• Roman Empire
• Internal decay, bad leaders, size of empire
• Diocletian splits empire into 2.
• Constantine established new capital in the East
  (Byzantine)
• Rome fell to Germanic invasions
• East would survive (Byzantine Empire)

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Belief Systems

• Polytheism
• Confucianism
• Daoism
• Legalism
• Hinduism
• Buddhism
• Judaism
• Christianity

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Go Back to the Big Picture

• 1. Civilizations
• 2. Sources of Change
• 3. Humans vs. Nature