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An Introduction to Wetlands

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Title: An Introduction to Wetlands


1
An Introduction to Wetlands
  • What are wetlands?
  • What are the major factors defining wetlands?
  • What are the different types of wetlands?

2
  • Wetlands are transitional environments between
    uplands and fully aquatic environments
  • They are defined on the basis of
  • Hydrology presence and duration of water
  • Vegetation dominance of vegetation adapted to
    saturated soil conditions
  • Soils poorly drained and with evidence of low
    or fluctuating oxygen

3
Wetland Hydrology
  • Area is inundated or saturated to the surface for
    at least 5 of the growing season in most years
  • Growing season is based on soil temperature and
    is determined for regions by the USDA
  • Most years 51 out of 100 years

Wetlands are NOT always wet!
4
Hydrophytic Vegetation
  • Plant species that are adapted for life in
    saturated soils
  • Anaerobic soil conditions
  • Soggy or waterlogged soils
  • Require adaptations for better support
  • Require adaptations for gas exchange
  • Hydrophytes are plants growing in water or on
    substrates that are periodically deficient in
    oxygen

5
Hydrophytes
  • Plants classified by tendency to occur in
    wetlands
  • Obligate Almost always occur in wetlands (gt99)
  • Facultative Wetland Usually occur in wetlands
    (67-99)
  • Facultative Equally likely to occur in wetlands
    or non-wetlands (33-67)
  • Facultative Upland Usually occur in non-wetland
    (67-99) but occasionally in wetlands (1-33)
  • Upland Almost always occur in non-wetlands
    (gt99)
  • US Fish and Wildlife Service
  • List of Plants that commonly occur in wetlands
  • By Region Indiana is Region 3

6
Tree showing buttressed roots and water level
staining
7
Trees with Buttressed Roots and Cattails (open
chambers in stems)
8
Hydric Soil
  • A soil that is saturated, flooded, or ponded long
    enough during the growing season to develop
    anaerobic conditions in the root zone
  • Tend to be dark in color and have mottles of iron
    staining

9
Five Major Wetland Systems
  • Marine Associated with Coastal Areas
  • Estuarine Associated with Estuaries (places
    where salt water and fresh water mix along
    coastlines)
  • Riverine Associated with Rivers
  • Lacustrine Associated with Lakes
  • Palustrine Occur in Topographic Low Spots

10
Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
Salt Marsh
11
Mangrove Swamp Everglades National Park
Estuarine Wetland
12
Ritchey Woods Natural Area Riparian Wetland
13
Point Pelee National Park Ontario, Canada -
Lacustrine
14
Western US - Palustrine Wetland in topographic
low
15
Ritchey Woods Natural Area Forested Wetland
16
Photo Marion Jackson
17
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18
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