Organisms

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Organisms
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Naming Organisms

• Naming any organism scientists use a Binomial
  naming system. EX Homo Sapien Genus Species
• 5 Kingdoms
• 1. Animals 2. Plants 3. Fungi (mushroom) 4.
  Protista (single celled organism)
• 5. Movera (bacteria)

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Naming Organisms Cont.

• General
• Specific

• Kingdom
• Phylum-Sub
• Class-Sub
• Order-Sub
• Family-Sub
• Genus
• Species-Some Sub

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Kingdom Animalia
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Phylum Proifera

• Pore bearing (many holes) sponges
• Simplest multicellular animals
• Each cell can form a new colony around itself
  (asexual). Reproduces by budding
• As an adult the sponge is sessile, or attached to
  the bottom
• Entirely marine species

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Phylum Proifera

• Classified according to spicule types
• Class Calcarea
• Spicules are composed of calcium carbonate.
  Very rigid. Ex Limy Sponges
• Cl. Hexactinelida
• Spicules are composed of silica
• Deep water tropical sponges
• Ex Glass Sponges

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Phylum Proifera

• Cl. Demospongiae
• Spicules are composed of a combination of
  silica and a flexible substance called spongin.
  Ex Bath sponges

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Phylum Coelenterata

• Jellyfish
• Hollow intestine

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Phylum Cnidaria

• Stinging animal cells
• Body form (basic)- Hollow sac closed at one end
  and open with a ring of tentacles at the other
  end
• Most coelenterata have alternating forms
• Polyp- Sessile
• Medusa- Free floating

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Phylum Cnidaria Cont.

• The three classes are classified by their body
  shape which the animal has during the majority of
  its life cycle.
• Cl. Hydrozoa- Polyp stage most obvious. Ex
  Hydroad
• Cl. Scyphozoa- medusa stage obvious. Ex
  Jellyfish
• Cl. Anthozoa- Polyp entire life. Ex Sea
  anemones, most coral

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Phylum Coelenterata/Cnidaria

• Sting cells called nematocysts, which are cells
  with spring loaded pin-like structures. Most
  carry a type of chemical poison to kill or wound
  its prey.
• Page 109

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Phylum Ctenophora

• Comb Jellies
• Only difference from cnidaria is that they dont
  have a nematocyst
• Have bristle like comb along body from top to
  bottom in rows
• 2 Classes
• Class Tentaculata- with tentacles
• Have a sticky mucous on tentacles.
• Ex Goose Berry

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Phylum Ctenophora

• Class Nuda- without tentacles
• Various carnivores. Ex Mnemiopsis (found in
  Pamlico Sound)

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Flat-worm
• Most primitive worm
• Found in marine and fresh water
• Some organisms are parasitic
• Have ability to regenerated damaged or lost
  tissue.
• Hermaphrodites but no (x) fertilizing

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Phylum Platyhelminthes Cont.

• Cl. Turbellaria-free living flat worms. Ex
  Planaria
• Cl. Trematoda-flukes. Live in gills of horseshoe
  crabs and fish
• Cl. Cestoda-tape worms. Are found in perch. Live
  in clams.

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• Phylum Nemertea-Ribbon worm
• Phylum Nematoda-Round worm
• Phylum Annelida

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Phylum Annelida

• Segmented worms
• Complete mouth to anus digestive system
• Hermaphroditic
• Most have setae or parapodia
• Cl. Polychaeta-Many-bristle. Body is divided into
  segments. Ex Nereis
• Cl. Oligochaeta-Few bristle. Generally lacks
  parapodia. Ex Earth Worms
• Cl. Hirundinae Ex Leeches

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Phylum Mollusca

• Mollis- Soft (soft footed)
• Three main parts 1)Visceral mass 2)Mantle 3)
  Muscular foot
• Most have an external or internal shell
• Most of the 80,000 organisms are living. Others
  are preserved in fossil record.
• Many have a unique rasping device (tounge like)
  radula

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Phylum Mollusca

• Cl. Polyplacophora-Chitons. Are the most
  primitive of living mollusks. Are marine
  organisms which creep over the surface. Posses
  eight overlaping plates (shells) which allow it
  to roll into a ball.
• Cl. Scaphopoda-Tusks shell, Tooth shell. Modified
  for digging.

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Phylum Mollusca

• Cl. Gastropod
• Univalves
• Largest class in phylum
• Coiled shape
• Anus is above head
• Sea slugs lose shell as adults
• Sea butterflies (Nudibranchs) Page 118
• Foot is modified into fin like structures used as
  oars

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Phylum Mollusca

• Cl. Pelecypods
• Hatchet foot
• Bivalves
• Foot is modified for rapid digging
• Filter feeders
• Some bivalves swim (Scallop)

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Phylum Mollusca

• Cl. Cephalopoda
• Fused foot
• Ex Squid/Octopus
• Shell is typically internal.
• Female chambered nautilus has external shell
• Eight to ten arms
• Change color
• Large eyes (Predators)
• Parrot like beak crushes prey

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Phylum Mollusca

• Swim by jet propulsion

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Phylum Anthropoda

• Jointed feet
• Greatest number of species
• Distributed across the earth
• Jointed appendages
• Exoskeleton of chiton
• Distinct body regions
• Cephalic
• Thoracic
• Abdominal

Fused
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Phylum Anthropoda

• Reproduction system is distinctly divided into
  male and female
• Subphylum Cnelicerata
• Cl. Pyconogonida Ex Sea Spider
• Cl. Merostomata Ex Horseshoe Crab- Oldest living
  fossil
• Page 128

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Phylum Anthropoda

• Subphylum Mandibulata
• Cl. Insecta- Bugs
• Cl. Crustacea
• Order Copepoda