Information Processing

1
Information Processing

• To learn and remember we must encode, store, and
  retrieve information
• Encode interpreting info in a meaningful way
• Consider repeating a sentence after me vs
  repeating an array of non-sense sounds
• Storage this is basically study to put info
  into long-term memory (LTM)
• One must rehearse (practice) the new information
  so that it is truly learned and not stuck in
  short-term memory for a while before being
  forgotten
• Retrieval getting back info from LTM
• Memories that are well organized are easier to
  recall.

2
Types of Memory

• Short-Term Material must be encoded and has two
  components
• Immediate memory current thoughts
• Working memory the material becomes meaningful
  and easy to retrieve
• Long-Term Our warehouse of knowledge

3
Retrieval and Forgetting

• Must work to get info into LTM
• Must Organize the material in your LTM in order
  to find it again
• Devise several cues to help you retrieve the
  info from LTM
• Use topics to help organize
• Use memory devices to cue you
• Control your anxiety it affects retrieval

4
Memory Devices

• Spaced practice Study short periods but more
  frequently
• Chunking Grouping items into similar or like
  clusters to aid memory.
• Rehearsal The process of practicing and learning
  material to transfer it to memory.
• Elaboration Forming associations between new
  material and what you already know. Paraphrasing,
  summarizing, explaining, answering questions,
  forming mental images, and using mnemonics are
  all elaboration techniques.
• Sensory Memory Memory linked to the senses the
  smell of grandmas apple pie baking the first
  time you saw a shooting star the nasty taste of
  a medicine you took as a child the feel of snow
  flakes on your tongue.

5
More Memory Devices.

• Iconic Memory The after-image you see in
  your minds eye.
• Echoic Memory The after-image you hear.
• Tactile Memory Memory gained through doing
  something constructing a chart, writing a list,
  making notecards.
• Overlearning Study and rehearsal past the point
  of initial mastery.

6
Mnemonic DevicesFormal techniques used to make
material easier to remember.

• Acronym A word or phrase formed by the first
  letters of a series of terms HOMES.
• Acrostics A sentence in which the first letters
  of the words correspond to material that is to be
  remembered Please excuse my dear aunt Sally.
• Rhymes and jingles A rhyme or song that aids
  memory ABC song.