Impact of Climate Change on Grassroots Women in India

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Impact of Climate Change on Grassroots Women in
India
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AGRICULTURE

• Agriculture - adversely affected.
• Shifts in timing of rainfall.
• Higher temperatures reduce- crop cycle
• lower yield - wheat , paddy
• Soil erosion
• Moisture in soil-changes in rainfall
• Runoff, evaporation
• Agricultural productivity decline from 10 to 40
  percent, more frequent droughts

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• Coastal Zone
• Tropical cyclones.
• Sea level rise.
• Displace populations.
• Increase flooding in low-lying coastal areas.
• Loss of crop yields - salinization.

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• 10 million people- in coastal areas in Tamil
  Nadu-homeless by 2100
• Indian big cities - coastal area Chennai,
  Kolkotta, Mumbai

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• Frequent Heat Wave
• Kill people directly
• From 2002 heat wave - Southern Andhra Pradesh,
  Northern Tamil Nadu
• 1200 people died in 2003
• 47- 50C every year

Cited from Rediff news
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• Cyclone
• Damage to properties
• Cyclones hurricanes
• Wind speed exceeds 73mph- Indian Ocean

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• Flood
• Droughts have direct impacts on rural livelihoods
  
• The crop failure
• Lower yields, lead to urban migration,
• Hunger - in extreme cases starvation.
• Indirect consequences water scarcity
• Spread of disease
• Inadequate safe water for human consumption
• Sanitation and hygiene.

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• Rising Sea
• Sea rising 3.14 mm
• Mangrove swamps - Sunderbans delta
• Against a global average of 2 mm,
• Threatening the low-lying area-
• Home to about 4 million people.
• Ganga, Brahmaputra , Indus rivers,
• Large populations reliant on riverine resources,

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• Changes in water regimes
• Salt water intrusions
• Land loss
• Sea levels have risen
• Between 10-25 centimeters in 100 years
• As polar ice caps have melted
• Projected to rise another 50 centimeters by 2100

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• Human Health
• Malaria to persist in many states
• New regions - malaria-prone
• Increase in heat waves
• Heatstroke, heart attacks - ailments aggravated
  by the heat
• Hot conditions- cause smoke particles noxious
  gases in air
• Accelerate chemical reactions
• Generate pollutants
• Increase in risk of respiratory diseases
  bronchitis asthma

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• Increase in Pests, Disease
• Outbreaks of infectious diseases,
• Transmissions of vector-borne diseases
• Millions of people to new diseases
• Health risks
• Hindering the future control of disease
• Heavy rains producing insect-breeding sites
• Driving rodents from burrows
• Contaminating clean water systems

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Gender - Climate Disasters

• Dalit, Tribal Women
• Dependent on environment
• Livelihoods
• Small scale agriculture
• Herding
• Influenced by drought
• Flooding
• Unequal in terms of gender

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Gender - Climate Disasters

• Dalit, Tribal women
• Poorest
• Most vulnerable
• At greater risk
• Changing land use patterns
• Intensive agriculture
• Deforestation
• Expansion of human settlements
• Hazard-prone areas

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Gender-Climate Disasters

• Women suffer disproportionately in disasters
• Women outnumbered men in tsunami deaths
• Women outnumbered men in cyclone deaths in
  Bangladesh
• Women are made vulnerable
• Lack of access to sources of emergency
  information
• Lack of decision-making power in disaster
  prevention
• Preparedness programs

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Gender-Climate Disasters

• Excluded from disaster recovery operations
• From planning at the national level.
• Unequal impact on women affects everyday life
• Opportunities
• Women work more hours
• Women produce 60-80 of food grown
• Small scale crops - family's sustenance

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Gender-Climate Disasters

• collecting and carrying water
• a time consuming
• physically demanding task
• wells are not easily accessible
• takes hours each day
• demands on women's time,
• workloads increase

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Gender-Climate Disasters

• Pull girls out of school.
• Stresses
• Added many risks
• Undermining role women play
• Health, well-being of families
• Social cohesion communities
• Preservation of fields
• Forests, waterways

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Economic Impacts

• Increased time spent on unpaid work
• Women spend more time
• Energy on domestic water collection in drought
• Affects time available for productive work
• Womens workload increases after a flood
• Help house repairs
• Cleaning

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Economic Impacts

• Maintenance in addition to routine work
• Loss of assets, entitlements
• Women farmers food insecurity
• Floods destroy land
• Stored seeds
• Livestock
• Forced to sell household assets
• Pawn womens jewellery
• Food consumption patterns
• Access to food -differentiated.

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Economic Impacts

• Reduced opportunities for productive work
• women labourers lose sources of paid work
• fields or workplaces are inaccessible
• Women end up doing government drought relief
  work
• very arduous
• impacts their health
• male out-migration
• added burden on women
• manage land often without the security of tenure
  
• access to critical inputs

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Social Impacts

• Drought years an impact on enrolment
• Retention rates
• Flood- schools remain closed
• Schools on higher land
• Temporary community shelters
• During drought water-personal hygiene
• Bathe regularly
• Particularly during menstruation

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Social impacts

• Limited access to sanitation
• Floods compels women, elderly, to eat and drink
  less
• Arduous task of finding a safe place for
  defecation
• Urination, -increased incidence of Urinary Track
  infections (UTI)
• Girls in community shelters in groups
• Provides more security in an uncertain
  environment.

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• 10 million people- in coastal areas in Tamil
  Nadu -homeless by 2100
• Indian big cities - coastal area Chennai,
  Kolkotta, Mumbai

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• Climate Actions
• Land reform
• Seed Bank
• Natural Farming
• Water Saving
• Forestation
• System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

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• Collective of 5,000 Dalit women
• Chemical-free
• Non-irrigated, certified
• Organically-grown food
• Crop yields - impressive
• 75 villages , switching to organic agriculture

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• Method of interspersing crops
• Do not require extra water
• No chemicals
• Grow 19 indigenous crop
• varieties
• On degraded lands
• Land through the government,
• Community seed bank
• Membership is a fistful of grain

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• Combated drought
• Adopting organic means of farming
• Traditional seeds
• Organic fertilizers

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• Old practice of water harvesting
• Digging small ponds
• Grow rain-fed crops even during dry season

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• Rejuvenating 70 of dead trees
• Long abandoned forest.
• Applying mixture of herbal paste
• Herbal cures bring trees back to life

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• Van Panchayats
• Management of natural resources
• Preventing forest fires
• Illegal felling of trees
• Without compromising
• Community's needs for timber, fodder
• Protection and management of forests
• Enriching the forests by preventing encroachment
  
• Illicit cutting

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• Van Panchayats
• Smuggling of forest produce
• Poaching of wild animals
• Regulating grazing
• Plantations - 1.58 million hectares
• Meet requirements for
• Fodder
• Fuel-wood
• Small timber
• Minor forest products

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• Van Panchayats
• Clean canals
• Choked with silt
• Weeds
• Improve water drainage
• Flood-resistant rice varieties
• Distributed
• Advice on the latest agricultural practices

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System of Rice Intensification (SRI)

• Using less water
• Seeds
• Chemical inputs
• Increased rice production
• One tenth seeds
• Half the water

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Recommendation

• Cheaper
• Clean energy - promoted
• Solar, wind etc
• No nuclear power
• Livelihood
• No- Bio-fuel

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Recommendation

• Environment disaster education
• Community based adoption
• Traditional
• Bio-diversity ecological agriculture
• Conservation of energy
• Adopting environment friendly technology.

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