WASTE FACILITY

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Northern Rivers Tweed Valley
BB
PROJECT 540
SUGAR MILL
GARDEN
WASTE FACILITY
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The Project 540 Kiln has the specific intent to
sequester atmospheric CO2, in many small
localities, and to make soil good to the seventh
generation. Geoff Moxham
www.bodgershovel.com

Constraints and goals Accessible sensors
 Validate simple visual tests Cheap
low-emission designs Household uses of process
heat Finessing efficient solutions
including  Vortex flow induced in chimney
stacks  Pre-heated and controlled air to
tuyeres Multiple purpose dampers
vents Building and testing prototype kilns
Catenary and sprung-arch trolley
kilns  Side-loading carriages  Quenching and
inoculating tanks Educational outreach  Community
kiln-building projects  Market and show
presentations Phoenix Kiln series  20 L
40L 3 cu m, small farm
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Phoenix Rising
 Human scaled for 1 person  Output must justify
the input ______________________________________
___________ Compact method producing usable
amount of char. Metal shell of washing
machine makes smoke proof shell. Lined with
fire brick Contains and store the heat  Worked
well no need to top up fuel during burn
Ben Speirs http//absorberroof.com Mark
Feltrin gasificationaustralia.com
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Inside the kiln
Simple parts
Lifting the lid
Double drum retort
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Future steps - Using the heat
Creating independence in the rainforest
 Heat for clothes drying Hot water Home
heating  Refrigeration Micro-gasification  Ele
ctricity generation Thermoelectric
Organic Rankin Cycle
Ben Speirs http//absorberroof.com/ Mark
Feltrin http//www.gasificationaustralia.com/
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Inoculating Biochar
If composted returns CO2 to atmosphere in 3-5
yrs. Biochar sequesters 30-40 of C for
thousands of years.
Charcoal pores Tilling it in is urban
renewal, with quality public housing

• Charring the weeds
• Lantana vines
• Camphor Laurel trees
• Bamboo
• Crush finely smaller than ¼ in, while wet
• worms can transport the fines
• Course meat grinder
• Garbage disposal grinder, drip on inoculant
• heavy drum roller
• lawn mower over wet char in a bay
• Inoculate with
• Urine, worm juice, compost percolation
• Sea minerals, brewed crop specific teas
• Biodynamic compost soil
• Application 4t/ac 2 lb/sy. Improves to 1lb/sf
• Animals
• Chickens, cows, humans

Hyphae Microbial C reef
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Mullumbimbi Community Garden Growing to Share
Sharing to Grow
Food
Fund raising
Compost
Design
Seed savers
Promotions
Nursery
Sustainability
Site
Compost loo
Chooks
BIOCHAR
Bush regeneration
Water
Best practises
Events
Childrens garden
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Sugarcane Farming Tweed Valley - Robert Quirk
Mulching with green cane tops returns C to
soil rather than going up in smoke Nitrogen
added, 2lb/ac facilitates break down of machine
harvested trash Legumes planted directly into
trash in fallow period Legumes add nitrogen Add
lime at 2t/ac then scrapes top 8 inch into
mounds giving equivalent 4t/ac of lime in the
mounds Plant cane  into the  mounds improves
aeration on land subject to flooding Traffic
controlled to inter-rows reduced
cultivation Lime cultivate only once every 6
yrs minimizing soil damage, maximize soil life
50kg N/ha 250kg K/ha 6kg P/ha
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Apply char at rate 2-4 ton/ac in 15 plots with
some having no char Test for crop yield,
leaching of nutrients, nitrogen cycling,
emissions of CH4 N2O
Preliminary results indicate reduction in
emissions of N2O with applications of 10t/ha
green-waste biochar
High sulphate soils
No agronomic benefit found to char Trails
continuing with reduced N
High N20 with normal cultivation
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Biochar field site Tweed Valley NSW
Lab tests at DPI show up to 95 reduction in N20
emissions
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30 MW cogeneration plant fueled by remnants from
sugar production Saves 400,000 tons of greenhouse
gases per year 220 million capital
cost Government policy has resulted in a plunge
in the price of renewable energy
credits. Future potential for biochar production.
On farm collection of cane trash and use for
biochar production requires proof of agronomic or
climate benefit. There is interest in small scale
production for return to fields as trials
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Germany seeks to reduce landfill disposal by 65
percent by 2016. Convert most of residuals into
compost and energy.
Receive all green waste and kitchen waste from
Wurzburg. Separate and sieved into fines for
composting, Woody trash for incineration for
electricity, Plastic mixed trash for electricity
production in a different plant. Compost sold to
farms and also bagged for retail on location.
Current operation
Pyrolysis plant on location to char the wood
waste produce electricity Inoculate the biochar
with liquid wastes or blend with compost. Reduce
odor, speed digestion, enhance soil amendment.
Next step
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No green waste to landfills fees 80
/ton on weigh bridge 40 / ton Carbon
Pollution Reduction Scheme Self hauled green
waste 6000 t/yr Bio solids 2000 ton/yr
Pickup green waste kitchen 4000t/yr Shred
all 12000 ton/yr Row compost for 6 to 8 weeks
Sieve to separate Fines for compost 5000
t/yr Chips for mulch 4000 t/yr Pyrolyze -
biochar 3000 t/yr Send back to
community Residential gardens Community
gardens Broad acre application on farms Small
horticultural farms Macadamia, avocado, bananas
Food Links Project Build resilience against
climate change peak oil
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Thank you From the Project 540 Team http//bodger
shovel.com
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Low-emission, low cost biochar kilns for small
farms and villages

• Focus is to prove that emissions from small
  biochar kilns can be controlled to best practice
  standards, while using easy designs, accessible
  materials, and simple cues for emissions
  checking.
• Project results are committed to the Creative
  Commons public domain.
• Available annual biomass worldwide (Rounded
  from Yevich, Logan 2002)
• 4 Gt of agricultural waste (2 Gt developing world
  including 400 Gt field-burned, 740 Gt fuel)
• 2 Gt wood fuel burned
• Vision 1 Gt of C sequestered globally via small
  scale pyrolysis and hands on land management
  Terra Preta

EXAMPLE Anila Stove Project, Tamil Nadu (D.
Friese-Greene, Schumacher Inst, Bristol) 25,000
Number of families cooking/day 25,000 31,250 Kg
wood used/day 62,500 Kg of bio- residue
used/day 25,000 Kg of charcoal used/day 10,000
tonnes Charcoal production in 1 year
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Accessible Pyrometry Instrumentation

• Three main indicators
• for good pyrolysis
• Temperature of the kiln chamber ceiling -
  non-contact infrared thermometer
• Temperature of the pyrolysis vessel core - N-type
  thermocouple in ceramic shroud
• CO content of the flue gasses - automotive CO
  monitor

CO monitor
N-type Thermocouple inserted 100mm into drum
Non-contact Infra-Red thermometer
Time-keeping is important The soak period of
one hour at 450C - 500C, needs to commence as
soon as the reaction vessel core reaches
temperature. This requires an process-area
clock, or in our case a dedicated laptop
data-logging set-up.
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Biochar potential from waste biomass

• Available Global Biomass
• Global charcoal production, 1992 24 mt (FAO)
• Biomass field residues burned, 1985 2.9 Gt
  (1995, 20) (Yevich, Logan)
• Total field waste available 4 Gt (developing
  world 2.0 Gt (Yevich, Logan)
• Total Forestry production 9.5 Gt/yr
• Net Primary Production (NPP) 60 Gt C/yr
• Human Appropriated NPP (HANPP) 20 Gt C/yr (32)
• Conversion efficiency
• 60 of wood is emitted as volatiles CO2 , CO,
  CH4 , and NMHC.
• Traditional methods require 6 to 12 tons of wood
  for 1 ton of charcoal.
• Biochar potential (assuming 40 C fixing
  efficiency)
• 1 Gt C/yr (assuming 50 of Ag, biofuel
  forestry waste)
• 2 Gt C/y (assuming conversion of 25 of HANPP or
  8 of NPP).

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CARBON/ENERGY BALANCE FOR CHARCOAL PRODUCTION
COMBUSTION
Brackets contain C in grams, followed by 20 year
CO2 equivalent global warming potential
(GWP) Charcoal production and use is more climate
damaging than burning. Kiln data Lacaux, et al
1994 Stove emissions Smith Thorneloe, 1992.
Warming potential of CO assumed to be 2 - ibid
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CARBON/ENERGY BALANCE FOR TERRA PRETASmall
Kiln Scale
Brackets contain C in grams, followed by 20 year
CO2 equivalent global warming potential
(GWP) Biochar soil sequestration provides
relative GWP 500, if CH4 is captured. Kiln
data Lacaux, et al 1994 Assume waste biomass
emissions wood.
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Correlation of methane emission with combustion
efficiency
(CO2/COCO2)