A1260841502OgUHL

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???? EDO JAPAN 1603-1868
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• Early Modern Japan
• 1603-1854
• Also known as
• Edo Period
• Tokugawa Period

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• WHY IS TOKUGAWA IMPORTANT?
• Formation of core values and norms for
• social interaction.
• Critical transition from feudal to pre-modern
• society and economy.
• The closed country (sakoku)policy should not be
  misunderstood as isolation or stagnation.
• Case study in how historiography changes.
• Creates conditions that enable Japan to modernize
  so rapidly in Meiji period (1968-1911).

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• The lead-up to Japans early modern period
• Three unifiers
• Oda Nobunaga
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
• Tokugawa Ieyasu

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Oda Nobunaga (1534-1582)
Oda kamon (family crest)

• Bring all of Japan under a single sword (tenka
  fubu)
• Embrace of Westerners (Portuguese and Spanish
  traders, arrival of Christainity to Japan with
  Francis Xavier)

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Nobunaga as administrator

• Nobunaga the tactician
• Use of muskets first imported from Portuguese
  traders
• New military techniques and technologies

• Encouraged the opening of markets by merchants
  in areas under his control, offering protection
  tax immunity. Curbed the trade monopolies by
  occupational guilds (za).
• Helped commerce by abolishing toll stations
  encouraging the building of ships and the
  construction of new roads.

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• Nobunaga also strategically welcomed foreign
  traders and Christian missionaries, strengthening
  ties with the outside world.

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Francis Xavier Jesuit missionary Brings
Christianity to Japan 1542
17th century Japanese Bible
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Westerners were the subjects of the so-called
nanban (southern barbarians) genre of painting
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• The lead-up to Japans early modern period
• Three unifiers
• Oda Nobunaga
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
• Tokugawa Ieyasu

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Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598)
A
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Unification under Toyotomi Hideyoshi

• By 1590, completes national unification started
  by Oda Nobunaga after Nobunagas assassination in
  1582.
• Strikes alliance with major rival Tokugawa
  Ieyasu, granting him Kanto as a fiefdom and a 2.5
  million koku empire.
• Named regent (kampaku) and eventually takes
  title of taiko (retired regent).

Kanto
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• Toyotomi Hideyoshis domestic policies
• Freeze the class structure (samurai cant farm
  peasant cant leave the land or travel)
• Measures to ensure more efficient tax
  collection
• National land survey to assess land value,
  1582-1598
• Punishment for any peasant seeking tax
  exemptions.
• Made the koku unit of rice (approximately 5
  bushels) the standard measurement for rice
  salaries of samurai

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Domestic Policies Class immobilization Hideyoshi
s Sword Hunt of 1588 (katana-gari)
Collects swords from all members of the
population except samurai, who now have the sole
right to carry them.
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• The lead-up to Japans early modern period
• Three unifiers
• Oda Nobunaga
• Toyotomi Hideyoshi
• Tokugawa Ieyasu

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Tokugawa Ieyasu
Grasps power after a decisive battle at
Sekigahara on October 21, 1600. By 1603, Ieyasu
is granted the title of shogun by the emperor and
establishes the Tokugawa shogunate (Tokugawa
bakufu)
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• Major themes
• Pax Tokugawa
• Rigid social structure and urbanization around
  new capital of Edo
• Chonin culture
• theater kabuki / bunraku
• ukiyoe woodblock prints
• popular literature

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Capital city moves to Ieyasus domain of Kanto,
capital city established at Edo (modern-day Tokyo)
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????
Structure of Tokugawa government
Edo shogunal HQ
Tozama Daimyo
Fudai Daimyo
Shimpan Daimyo
Opposed Tokugawa
Sworn allies
Related to Tokugawa (kinship)
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Yellow Han of tozama daimyo (opposition) Green
Tokugawa holdings Pink Shimpan (kin) and fudai
(allied) han
Edo
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• Tokugawa Strategies
• Internal Establish controls over daimyo
  (regional warlords)
• collect weapons
• renew loyalty oath w/ new shogun
• all marriages approved by Tokugawa
• alternate attendance and hostage system
• Use of modified hostage system to cement
  alliances
• Controls on travel
• Domestic travel Barrier stations (seki)
• International travel also strictly restricted

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???? Impacts of sankin kotai (alternate
attendance system) Suppressed possibility of
rebellion (wives, children of daimyo remain in
Edo as hostages) Economic costs of travel on
daimyo ensured lack of funds for rebel armies
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Sankin kotai (alternate attendance system) ????
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Social Classes during the Tokugawa era Tokugawa
hierarchy based on 4 hereditary estates which
reflected Confucian values
Samurai Farmers Artisans Merchants shi
no ko sho shi-no-ko-sho ???? fou
r class system of warriors, farmers, artisans
and merchants
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shi
no
ko
sho
chonin ??
hinin ??
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• ? Samurai
• Literally, one who serves
• 1/15 of the total population
• Samurai themselves divided by hierarchy of ranks
• Bound by code of ethics known as bushido
• Special rights
• myoji-taito ???? surname and sword(s)
• dai-sho ??two swords (large and small)
• kirisute-gomen ?????right to cut down offending
  commoners without rebuke

seppuku ?? right to ritual suicide
(self-evisceration)
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• New social roles for samurai during the great
  Tokugawa peace

• Teachers of schools of swordsmanship
• Teachers
• Poets, scholars, writers
• Buddhist monks
• Government posts -- civil administration

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Neo-Confucianism Kansei Edict of 1790 made
Neo-Confucians official philosophy of the
shogunate. Adapt Confucianism into a
social-legal system that will promote stability ?
Three components of Confucianism were
useful to Tokugawa government 1. Reverence for
past 2. Maintaining proper place in an
unchanging hierarchy 3. Social hierarchy
based on contributions to good of whole
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Tokugawa-era commoner school (terakoya) for girls
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• Farmers Peasants
• More than 80 of total population
• Expected to conform to the ethos of frugality in
  their lifestyle.
• Taxed 40-50 of the crops they produced.
• Forbidden access to all recreation and games
  other than local festivals.
• Required to provide labor for public works upon
  demand (construction of roads, bridges, etc.)
• Governed by the village (mura) unit, led by the
  village headman.

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• Townspeople and Merchants
• Townsperson culture (chonin culture).
• Lifestyles were strictly governed by sumptuary
  laws dictating what they could wear, where they
  could live, size of home, etc.
• Major commercial centers emerge.
• Osaka -- sake, soy sauce, cloth, paper, iron.
  Kyoto - textiles, pottery.
• Trade along the Tokaido Road

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Bookstore in Edo
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• Travel

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Utagawa print 53 stations of the Tokaido Road
Barrier station

• Travel

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• Travel

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Tokaido road
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• Outcastes or
• non-persons
• The invisible class of occupational outcastes
  (butchers, leather tanners, etc).
• Forced to live in designated districts of Edo.
• Called eta or hinin (non-persons??)
• Often worked as itinerant entertainers.

1873 photograph by Shinichi Suzuki depicting
leather workers (tanners). One man scrapes the
hide of a slaughtered deer, while another seems
to be discussing a piece of finished cat skin to
cover an old samisen. On the right stands a young
man with a load of pelts. Current events link
Google Map issue
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Google Accidentally Offends Japanese
Sensibilities May 04, 2009 (AP) TOKYO  
When Google Earth added historical maps of Japan
to its online collection last year, the search
giant didn't expect a backlash. The finely
detailed woodblock prints have been around for
centuries, they were already posted on another
Web site, and a historical map of Tokyo put up in
2006 hadn't caused any problems. But Google
failed to judge how its offering would be
received, as it has often done in Japan. The
company is now facing inquiries from the Justice
Ministry and angry accusations of prejudice
because its maps detailed the locations of former
The maps date back to the country's feudal era,
when shoguns ruled and a strict caste system was
in place. At the bottom of the hierarchy were a
class called the "burakumin," ethnically
identical to other Japanese but forced to live in
isolation because they did jobs associated with
death, such as working with leather, butchering
animals and digging graves.
A Google Earth windows displaying an old map of
Tokyo with the word 'Eta' clearly marked.
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Traveling Book and Print Salesman
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• The Three Entertainments
• kabuki
• sumo
• Yoshiwara pleasure districts

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Yoshiwara pleasure district
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Hiroshige, Crowds in the Theater Quarter from
100 Famous Views of Edo, 1848-1858.
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Kabuki
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Woodblock print of a kabuki actor
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Bunraku puppet theater
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