Current and Future Trends in Global Navigation Satellite Systems

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Current and Future Trends in Global Navigation
Satellite Systems
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...

• A Presentation to the Victorian GNSS Group
• 12th July 2001
• Presented by Dr Allison Kealy
• The Department of Geomatics
• The University of Melbourne

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Requirements of a navigation/positioning system
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• available everywhere
• available all the time
• extremely accurate
• trustworthy

(availability)
(continuity/reliability)
(accuracy)
(integrity)
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Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Can the current performance capabilities of GPS
  alone meet these requirements?

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Current Status of GPS
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GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• The current GPS constellation consists of 29
  satellites.
• lt10m single receiver positioning
• ltm and cm level positioning using two receivers
• Real time capability
• Baselines 10s - 1000s km
• Low cost hardware
• Many applications

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Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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RTK GPS FOR SETTING OUT
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Machinery Control
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• Improved speed and accuracy
• Unlimited work schedules
• Reduction in required skills and costs
• Ability to operate in hazardous conditions

GPS FOR FULL AUTOMATION
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Precision Applications
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KINEMATIC GPS APPLICATIONS
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DEFORMATION MONITORING Geodynamics Dams Bridges Bu
ildings Oil platforms
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Continental Scale Movements
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HOW FAST IS SEA LEVEL RISING?
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Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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• The reality For the vast majority of emerging
  applications GPS offers tremendous potential but
  poses many challenges particularly those that are
  safety critical.

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GPS Challenges
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Accuracy is the degree of conformance of
  estimated position with true position.
• Reliability is the ability of a positioning
  system to provide required service over a
  specified period of time without interruption.
• Availability is the percentage of time' that the
  services of the system are useable.
• Integrity is the ability of a system to provide
  timely warning to users when the system should
  not be used.

Reference Han, S (1999), Modernisation and
Augmentation of GPS, GPS/GIS Showcase, Singapore
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Multimodal (air, sea and land users) Capable of
meeting future navigation timing requirements
Global standard Cost effective Easy to
use Fundamentally based around the integration
and augmentation of technologies
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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• GNSS is the result of a recognition by the
  civilian community of the benefits that can be
  derived from the development of a 'true' civilian
  global positioning system that is

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GALILEO will come after, as the European
contribution to GNSS-2. Europe will launch its
own Navigation Satellite constellation, to be
operational in 2008.
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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Similarly, the Russian constellation follows by
offering their GLONASS system in 1995.
In 1998 Europe launch the implementation phase of
GNSS-1.
In 1993, the American Department of Defense
officially offers its military satellite
constellation to the international civil
community.
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Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...

• The intention is to create a global technology,
  specifically designed to meet the requirements of
  civilian applications, under full civilian,
  international control, thereby overcoming the
  technical, political, social and economic
  limitations of any single technology.

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Recent Trends in GPS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Removal of Selective Availability
• Permanent GPS infrastructure
• Status of Glonass
• GPS Augmentations
• Receiver developments
• Algorithms and Processing

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Selective Availability
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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On May 1st 2000 a directive issued by President
Clinton resulted in the intentional degradation
of GPS turned off.
Autonomous GPS position with SA Horizontal
position accuracy 95 55.356m
Autonomous GPS position without SA Horizontal
position accuracy 95 4.340m
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Mapping
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Recent Trends in GPS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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• Removal of Selective Availability
• Permanent GPS infrastructure
• Status of Glonass
• GPS Augmentations
• Receiver developments
• Algorithms and Processing

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Permanent Infrastructure
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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Recent Trends in GPS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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• Removal of Selective Availability
• Permanent GPS infrastructure
• Status of Glonass
• GPS Augmentations
• Receiver developments
• Algorithms and Processing

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Status of GLONASS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• 24 satellite system similar to GPS established by
  the USSR
• Several combined receivers available on the
  market
• Fully operational in 1996, now only 7 functioning
  satellites
• 3 new satellites launched on October 13th 2000
• Facing an uncertain future

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Recent Trends in GPS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...

• Removal of Selective Availability
• Permanent GPS infrastructure
• Status of Glonass
• GPS Augmentations
• Receiver developments
• Algorithms and Processing

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GPS Augmentations
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GPS
GPS GLONASS DR
GPS GLONASS
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PSEUDOLITES
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GPS Augmentations
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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• GBAS local area differential systems which
  augment GPS/GLONASS and broadcast augmentation
  message directly to the user from the ground
  (datalink)
• SBAS wide area differential systems which
  augment GPS/GLONASS and broadcast augmentation
  message by the mean of complementary
  geostationary satellites
• ABAS the GPS/GLONASS augmentation is made
  directly from aircraft based equipment

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Recent Trends in GPS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...

• Removal of Selective Availability
• Permanent GPS infrastructure
• Status of Glonass
• GPS Augmentations
• Receiver developments
• Algorithms and Processing

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Receiver Developments
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Cheaper, smaller, faster, better
• Combined GPS/GLONASS receiver
• Multipath rejection techniques
• Integration with terrestiral systems
• Sub metre and cm level GIS mapping
• Growing low-accuracy market

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Recent Trends in GPS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...

• Removal of Selective Availability
• Permanent GPS infrastructure
• Status of Glonass
• GPS Augmentations
• Receiver developments
• Algorithms and Processing

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Algorithms and Processing
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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• Web-based Processing
• Auslig MicroCosm
• JPL Gipsy
• Scripps Gamit
• Virtual Reference stations
• Improved ambiguity resolution validation and
  quality control

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Future Trends in GNSS

• More satellites and frequencies
• GPS modernisation
• GALILEO
• others
• 100 navigation satellites by 2010?
• Improved modelling
• functional
• stochastic

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GPS MODERNISATION
Also more power on both L1 and L2
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Benefits of Modernisation
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Three civil signals will provide improved
  reliability, availability and integrity, with lt1m
  for standalone applications
• Triple-frequency carrier phase based positioning
  will enable cm-level accuracy instantaneously
• No encryption of L2 and L5 - lower cost geodetic
  receivers
• Improved multipath mitigation
• New signal for safety critical applications.

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ARGUMENTS FOR A EUROPEAN GNSS (GALILEO)
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• 'Robust' competition leads to better service and
  technology
• Independent positioning systems
• Improved integrity, reliability, accuracy
• Positioning becomes an increasing commonplace
  capability

Reference Rizos, C (2000), Where does GPS Go
from here, GPS/GIS Showcase, Singapore
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GALILEO

• Key design criteria
• interoperable with GPS
• complementary but independent
• include an Open Access Service (OAS)
• to provide both global accuracy and integrity
• Some expected features
• 30 SVs in MEOs at 23000km
• 10 SVs in each of 3 planes - to provide best
  GPS coverage
• four frequencies
• Final decision date April 2001
• first launch 2003, fully operational 2008
• total cost 3.3billion 100million EC and ESA
  funding

Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...
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ACCURACY
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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Accuracy
(NSE,95)
Galileo Only
Galileo GPS
Horizontal (m)
2 to 4
3.30
73.53
4 to 6
96.70
26.47
6 to 8
-
-
8 to 10
-
-
Vertical (m)
2 to 4
-
-
4 to 6
50.99
95.43
6 to 8
45.77
4.57
8 to 10
3.24
Design criterion is 6m_at_95 - both horizontal and
vertical
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GALILEO RAIM INTEGRITY
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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GALILEO GALILEOGPS
Horizontal 85 100 Vertical 6 93
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MODELLING DEVELOPMENTS
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Improved real-time orbits and clocks
• SRP models and extended ground infrastructure
• more frequent uploads
• Improved multipath mitigation
• new antenna designs, signal processing
• impact of more satellites and signals
• Atmospheric stochastic modelling
• impact of more satellites
• More reliable ambiguity determination
• faster ambiguity fixing (due to better modelling)
• additional frequencies (e.g. L5)

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The big picture
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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"Consumerism is the dominant driving force of
innovations" (Rizos,1999)
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Industry Trends
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
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• Expansion in all types of communications systems,
  particularly wireless
• Adoption of the Internet for computer/database
  connectivity
• Increasing reliance on E/M/L commerce
  transactions
• Rapid transition to an information society
• Government promotion of knowledge-based
  industries
• Consumerism as the driving force for innovation

Reference Rizos, C (2000), Where does GPS Go
from here, GPS/GIS Showcase, Singapore
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Location, Location, Location
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
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LOCATION BASED SERVICES

• Where are my properties?
• Where do my friends live?
• Where is the broken street light?
• Where is the nearest dentist?
• How do I get there?
• Whats happening here and when?
• What public transport services run from here?

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Where to next..

• 1cm level GNSS-based positioning possible in
  (almost) all urban and semi-rural areas
• real-time, kinematic, single receiver
• implications for dynamic coordinate systems
• Implications for mapping and cadastral surveying
  agencies in terms of data capture techniques and
  quality
• Explosion in location based products
• GNSS will become the first choice for positioning
  for most applications
• integrated with dead-reckoning (etc) where
  necessary
• integrated with GSM for low accuracy applications
• increasing number of surveys without monuments
• New applications will continue to emerge
• Positioning will be increasingly compulsory in
  transportation and personnel monitoring
• privacy issues???

Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...
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Moving towards a future in which positioning will
have become a ubiquitous capability.
Navigation requirements Current status of
GPS Some Applications GPS Challenges GNSS Recent
Trends in GPS GNSS Future Trends The Big
Picture Trends in the Industry LBS Where to
next...