ERASMUS MUNDUS International Master of Science in Rural Development

1
ERASMUS MUNDUSInternational Master of Science in
Rural Development

• IMRD CASE STUDY EU in Rural Development and
  Agricultural Practice in New Member States The
  SR example

2
The fabulous country - Slovakia

• Fresh nature,
• Magical historic sights,
• Cordial people,
• Traditional music
• Slovak gastronomy
• Country small by its size, but big by its
  beauty...

3
SLOVAKIA
THE HEARTH OF THE EUROPE
4
HISTORY
5
Slovakia lies in Central Europe. The central and
northern Slovakia is a mountainous region. The
southern and eastern Slovakia is a lowland
region, being an important agricultural area of
the country.
6

• The Slovak Republic
• flag has three equal
• horizontal bands of
• white (top), blue,
• and red.
• There is a coat of arms
• of Slovakia (a red shield bordered
• in white and bearing a white Cross of Lorraine
• surmounting three blue hills)
• the coat of arms is
• centered vertically and offset slightly to the
  hoist
• side.

7
SLOVAKIA

• In 1918, the Slovaks joined the closely related
  Czechs to form Czecho-slovakia.
• Following the World War II, Czecho-slovakia
  became a Communist state within Soviet-ruled
  Eastern Europe.
• 1962 change of the constitution to Czechoslovaki
  socialist republic

8
SLOVAKIA (2)

• In 1989, Soviet influence collapsed and
  Czechoslovakia once more became free.
• On January 1, 1993, the Slovaks and the Czechs
  agreed to separate peacefully.
• In the Spring of 2004, Slovakia joined both NATO
  and the EU.

9
INDEPENDENCE

• January 1, 1993 -- Czechoslovakia split into the
  Czech Republic and Slovakia Slovak Republic.

10
POPULATION

• 5,430,033
• AGE STRUCTURE
• 0-14 years 17.8 (male 495,316 female 471,823)
  15-64 years 70.5 (male 1,903,335 female
  1,924,065) 65 years and over 11.7 (male
  238,912 female 396,582)
• POPULATION GROWTH RATE0.14

11

• Life expectancy at birthtotal population 74.43
  years male 70.44 years female 78.64 years
• Ethnic groups
• Slovak 85.7,
• Hungarian 10.6,
• the Gypsy/Romany community, 500,000),
• Czech, Moravian, Silesian 1.1,
• Ruthenian and Ukrainian 0.6,
• German 0.1,
• Polish 0.1,
• other 0.2 (1996)

12
RELIGION

• Roman Catholic 60.3,
• atheist 9.7,
• Protestant 8.4,
• Orthodox 4.1,
• other 17.5

13
Administrative divisions

• 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj)
• Banskobystricky,
• Bratislavsky,
• Kosicky,
• Nitriansky,
• Presovsky,
• Trenciansky,
• Trnavsky,
• Zilinsky

14
LEGAL SYSTEM

• Civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes
  
• Not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
• Legal code modified to comply with the
  obligations of Organization on Security and
  Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge
  Marxist-Leninist legal theory

15
ECONOMY

• Labor force - by occupation
• industry 29.3,
• agriculture 8.9,
• construction 8,
• transport and communication 8.2,
• services 45.6

16
Industrial production growth rate4.4

• Electricity - production by source
• fossil fuel 30.3
• hydro 16
• nuclear 53.6
• Electricity - consumption
• 24.41 billion kWh
• exports5.141 billion kWh
• imports1.381 billion kWh (2001)

17
NATURAL GAS

• production292 million cu m Natural gas
• consumption7.932 billion cu m
• exports0 cu m
• imports7.205 billion cu m
• proved reserves7.504 billion cu m

18
AGRICULTURE

• grains, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit pigs,
  cattle, poultry forest products
• Exports12.9 billion f.o.b. commodities
  machinery and transport equipment 39.4,
  intermediate manufactured goods 27.5,
  miscellaneous manufactured goods 13, chemicals
  8
• Exports - partners Germany 30.1, Czech Republic
  16.4, Austria 10.7, Italy 7.2, Poland 5.7,
  Hungary 4.6 (2002)

19
IMPORT AGRICULTURE

• Imports15.4 billion f.o.b. Imports -
  commoditiesmachinery and transport equipment
  37.7, intermediate manufactured goods 18, fuels
  13, chemicals 11, miscellaneous manufactured
  goods 9.5 (1999)
• Imports - partners Germany 24.8, Czech Republic
  16, Russia 13.5, Austria 7, Italy 6.4, France
  4 (2002)
• Debt - external9.6 billion

20

• GDP (purchasing power parity) 85.56 billion
  (2005 est.).
• Industries Metal and metal products food and
  beverages electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear
  fuel chemicals and manmade fibers machinery
  paper and printing earthenware and ceramics
  transport vehicles textiles electrical and
  optical apparatus rubber products.

21
HISTORY OF THE SLOVAKIAS TERITORY

• The oldest surviving archeological artefacts from
  Slovakia date back to 270,000 BCE
• The oldest female statue
• made of mammoth bone,
• discovered in the commune
• of Moravany nad Váhom,
• near Pietany

22

• The Roman epoch began in Slovakia in the
  6 ce.,bc. a war against the Markoman and Quadi
  tribes.
• The Romans and their armies occupied only very
  small part of South-West Slovakia.
• In 174 CE Marcus Aurelius penetrated deeper into
  the river valleys of Váh, Nitra and Hron. On the
  banks of the Hron he wrotes his philosophical
  work "Meditations."

23
In 179 CE, the Roman Legion engraved on the rock
of the Trencín Castle LAUGARITIO, the Roman
inscription marking the furthest northern point
in Europe Victory over Markomans and Quadis.
VICTORIAE AVGVSTORV(m) EXERCITUS QVI LAV
GARICIONE SEDIT MIL(ites) L(egionis) II DCCCLV
(Marcus Valerrius) MAXIMIANUS LEG(atus) LEG
(ionis) II AD)iutricis) CVR(avit) F(aciendum)
24
HISTORY OF SLOVAKS

• 5th Century Slavic tribes settle in present
  days Slovakia
  
• United under the
  
  Samos empire in the7th century

25
SLAV-SOUVENI-SLOVENI-SLOVAKIANS

• 79 CE Slav presence in the writings of Pliny the
  Elder and of Tacitus Cornelius (55-116 CE).
• The first designation of the Slavs in the Latin
  form "Souveni" in the writings of Claude Ptolemy
  in 160 CE.
• Souveni - This name was used under the form
  "Sloveni" by the Slavs of the Middle Danube
  before the 8th century, who lived on the
  present-day territories of Slovakia, of North and
  West Hungary, Moravia, Pannonia, Austria and
  Slovenia.
• The name is still used by the Slovakians and the
  Slovenians, who come from the ethnic group
  Sloveni.

26

• Coexistence between the
  Slavs and the Celtic
  tribes, in
  the region of Liptov
  in
  the area of Liptovská Mara.
• Six Celto-Slav colonies
  were
  discovered at a castle
  with a sanctuary
  
  in the centers which was
  used for Celtic
  and Slav rites.
• The castle was surrounded by stone
  fortifications. Slav tribes also coexisted with
  the Germanic Quadis, (archeologist Dr. Karol
  Pieta.)
• The Slav population settled in the Middle
  Danube, 

27

• The birth to the Samo Empire, mentioned in
  writing as early as 623. (Sloveni)
• The first political formation by the Slavs, who
  beat, in 631, the Frank Army of King Dagobert
  near Vogatisburg.
• The Empire disappeared in 665 with the death of
  Prince Samo.
• The supremacy of the Avars came to an end in 803,
  the year where Charlemagne,
• With a help from the Slavs in regions to the
  North of the Danube and that of the principality
  of Nitra, beat, once and for all, the Avars, who
  were eventually assimilated into the local Slav
  populations.

28

• The first recorded mention of Slav princes near
  Pannonia goes back to 803 ce.
• In 805, the presence of Prince Vratislav, Lord of
  the Bratislava Castle, signifies the arrival of
  the second historic Slav in the Middle Danube.
• In 833, prince Mojmír, from the principality of
  Moravia, and his army, attacked the principality
  of Nitra, conquering it and creating in a vast
  territory, a united Slav State. The Empire
  unified the Slavs of Nitra and Moravia.

29
Slavic kingdom of Greater Moravia.

• Prince Pribina, after fleeing Nitra, became the
  Lord of the Slavs, occupying the Transdanubian
  Pannonia. He founded the principality of Balaton,
  had castles and churches built, and obtained
  remarkable results in his efforts of
  Christianization in this region.

PRIBINA
RASTISLAV
MOJMÍR
Ratislav the I wisely understood the importance
of Christianization of the Slavs and asked the
Pope in Rome, in 861, to send a Bishop to his
kingdom.

30
CONSTATINE METHODIUS
31

• In 862, Rastislav asked the Byzantine Emperor
  Michael III to send him a Bishop and religion
  teachers.
  The
  famous letter from Ratislav I
  
  to Emperor Michael III began with
  these words " 
• ...We, the Slavs, a simple people, have no-one to
  teach us the truth..."
  The Emperor agreed to
  his request and sent to Ratislav two apostles,
  Cyril and Methodius,
  who were brothers and
  natives of the
  city of Salonika (today Thessalonika).

32
The work of Cyril and Methodius

• first Slav alphabet
• first translations into the Slav language -- the
  Slavon (ancient Slav) in 862
• first large Slav school (863)
• first translations and first literary,
  philosophical and legal works in the language of
  the Subdanubian Slavs -- Slavon (863-886)
• establishment of the Slavon language as the 4th
  liturgical language (867). First liturgical Slav
  language after Hebrew, Latin and Greek
• First Slav Bishop - Cyril (Constantine) (868)
• First legate of the Holy See for the Slav
  countries - Methodius (869)
• First archdiocese in the Slav countries - Bishop
  Methodius (869)

33
C M at GREAT MORAVIA
34
Important events during the period of the Kingdom
of Svätopluk

• 874 Occupation of the Vistule Basin by Svätopluk
• 882 Occupation of the territory of
  Bohemia/present day Czech Republic excluding
  Moravia
• 880 Pontiff Johanes VIII. In "Industriae tuae"
  crowned Svätopluk to a king of Slovakia and
  gives protection of saint stool

35
Important events during the period of the Kingdom
of Svätopluk

• 883 Invasion and Occupation of Pannonia
• 889 Occupation of the territory of Lusatian
  Serbs
• 890 Treaty with Arnoul, confirmation of the
  sovereignty of Svätopluk I in Bohemia
• 892 Driving back of the common attack by the
  Frank, Alaman and Bavarian armies and the Magyar
  tribes
• 893 Driving back of the attack by the armies of
  Arnoul, and upon his request, the signing of a
  peace treaty with Svätopluk
• 894 Death of King Svätopluk I, peace for the
  Slavs with the Bavarians, first invasion by the
  Magyars into the Transdanubian region.

36
The kingdom of Svatopluk
37

• In the 902 and at the beginning of 906, Mojmír
  the II twice pushed back attacks from the Magyar
  armies, during their next raid in the South,
  Mojmír II as well as Svätopluk II were killed and
  the Magyars pillaged the Southern regions of
  Slovakia and Magyar tribes invade present day
  Slovakia and form Greater Hungary under King
  Stephen. 
• A thousand years of foreign domination begins.

38
GREAT HUNGARYUHORSKO
39

• Slovakia was rich in raw materials and fairly
  economically developed and therefore was, until
  the Turkish expansion, the richest and most
  developed area of Hungary.
• Until the beginning of the
  
  Modern Era, Slovakia was
  
  the biggest producer of silver
  
  and the second largest
  
  
  producer of gold in
  Europe in
  
  a teritory of Kremnica, Banska
  Stiavnica and
  Banska Bystrica

40

• Royal privileges were given to Slovakian cities
• Trnava in 1238,
• Zvolen, Krupina, Stary Tekov 1240,
• Nitra, Koice 1248,
• Banská tiavnica 1255,
• Banská Bystrica in 1255,
• Gelnica 1270,
• Bratislava in 1291, etc.
• The participation of the Slovaks in public
  affairs was attested to notably in the Privilegum
  pro Slavis by Zilina, dated 1381, where King
  Louis I gave the Slovaks half of the seats on the
  Municipal Councils.

41

• 1526 Hungarys defeat by the Ottoman Turks
  allows the Hapsburgs to seize Upper Hungary
  (Slovakia). Bratislava (Pozony, Presburg) becomes
  the Hungarian capital as Buda falls to the Turks.
• 1867 The dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary is
  formally established after the Hapsburg emperor
  Franz Josef compromises with the constantly
  rebelling Hungarian nobles. 
• Slovakia is incorporated into the Hungarian part
  of this kingdom.

42
AUSTRO-HUNGARIA
43
Europa 1914
44
Slovakias Milestones 1918

• January 8. - president T. W. Wilson declared 14
  points of the peace requirements. Right for
  authonomy of nations in the Habsburg monarchie
• May 31 signing the Pittsburg agreement on the
  common state of Slovaks and Czechs.

45
Slovakias Milestones 1918

• October 18. október - Washington declaration,
  constitution of indeppendent Czecho-Slavakia
• October 28. - Ceskoslovenská republika, common
  state of Czechs and Slovaks.
• October 30. október - Martinská declaration,
  Slovak representatives claim to idea of common
  state.

46

• 1918 Dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian
  Empire, after defeat in WWI, sprouts numerous new
  states including Czechoslovakia.  Although
  nominally a parliamentary democracy, Slovaks have
  a weak voice in the republics affairs.

47
Tomá Garique Masaryk, Milan Rastislav tefánik,
Eduard Bene
48
1920 - TRIANON TREATY

• Agreement following World War I
• The Allies disposed of Hungarian territories.
• The treaty, signed on June 4, 1920, at the Grand
  Trianon Palace at Versailles, France, changed the
  size and population of Hungary by about two
  thirds, divesting it of virtually all areas where
  lived vast majority not Magyar population.

49
THE I. CZECHOSLOVAKIA
50
CZECHO-SLOVAKIA 1928
51
NATIONS OF CZECHO-SLOVAKIA1930

• CZECHOSLOVAK"
  (SLOVAKS CZECHS) 65.5
• GERMAN 23.4
• HUNGARY 5.6
• "RUSSIAi" (UKRAJINA RUSINI) 3.4
• JUDE 1.3
• POLSKA 0.6

52
MNICHOV DICTATE
53

• 1939 short authonomy in the CSR
• March14. the First Slovak Republic
• 1944 Slovak national uprising
  begining
  
  of the
  second
  Czechoslovakia

54
1939 WIEN ARBITRATION
55
1939 WIEN ARBITRATION
SLOVAKIA
56

• 1945 As a member of the defeated Axis powers
  Slovakias fate is again determined by foreign
  powers. Czechoslovakia is re-established, without
  the province of Ruthenia, and an unstable
  democratic government dominated by Czech
  Communists teeters onward.
• 1948 The Soviet Union tightens control over
  Czechoslovakia under the guise of restoring
  political stability, and thereby reduces Eastern
  Europes last fledgling democracy to a satellite
  state.

57

• 1968 Alexander Dubcek, a Slovak and leader of
  Czechoslovakia, introduces a new governing
  philosophy dubbed socialism with a human face. 
  Threatened by his reforms the Soviets invade,
  depose Dubcek, and install another Slovak, Gustav
  Husak, as the head of Czechoslovakia. 
  Progressive reforms are no more.
• 1989 Following similar movements across Eastern
  Europe, mass protests and demonstrations bring
  down the Communist regime and the resignation of
  Husak.  The Velvet Revolution brings democracy
  and formerly jailed dissident Vaclav Havel
  assumes the Czechoslovak presidency.

58

• 1992 After coming in second in the summer
  elections, Vladimir Meciar becomes Prime Minister
  of the Slovak part of the newly reworked Czech
  and Slovak Federal Republics.  However, he soon
  starts a dialogue with Prague that will lead to
  the disbanding of the confederation.
• 1993 January  - The first day of the year marks
  the birth of the Second Slovak Republic and
  Europes youngest state.  The peaceful split of
  the former Czechoslovakia into the Czech and
  Slovak Republics is dubbed the Velvet Divorce
  while Meciar proclaims himself Father of
  Slovakia.

59

• 2000- Slovakia is invited to join the OECD and is
  formally invited by the European Union to begin
  the lengthy accession process.
• 2004 Slovakia becomes a mamber state of the EU

60
EU