Passive Voice of the Present System

1
Passive Voice of the Present System

• Chapters 18 21

2
What is the passive voice?

• So far, all the verbs that we have been working
  with have been used in the active voice. In the
  active voice, the subject performs the action.
• In the passive voice, the subject of the sentence
  is the recipient of the action of the verb.
• Therefore, only transitive verbs (i.e. ones that
  take a direct object) can be used in the passive
  voice.

3

• The boy reads the book.
• The book is read by the boy.

4
What is the passive voice?

• In English, we form the passive voice by
  combining an inflected form of the verb to be
  with a passive participle.
• I am loved.
• I will be seen.
• He was being praised.

5
Which voice?

• I hid the book under my bed.
• The exam was graded by the teacher.
• The portrait was painted by an unknown artist.
• The motor propelled the boat across the lake.

6
Sg Pl
1st -r -mur
2nd -ris -mini
3rd -tur -ntur

• The personal endings for verbs which we learned
  in chapter 1 were for the active voice.
• For the present system of the passive voice, we
  have a new set.

But we still conjugate the verbs in the same way,
by adding the personal endings to the verb stem.
7
Present Tense of 1st and 2nd Conjugations

• laudare monere

lauda mone
laudor moneor
laudor moneor
laudaris moneris
lauda mone
laudatur monetur
lauda mone
laudamur monemur
lauda mone
laudamini monemini
lauda mone
laudantur monentur
lauda mone
8
Present Tense of 3rd and 4th Conjugations
ducor facior invenior

• ducere facere invenire

duce faci inveni
duceris faceris inveniris
duceris faceris inveniris
duce faci inveni
ducitur facitur invenitur
duce faci inveni
ducimur facimur invenimur
duce faci inveni
ducimini facimini invenimini
duce faci inveni
ducuntur faciuntur inveniuntur
ducuntur faciuntur inveniuntur
duce faci inveni
9
Imperfect of all conjugations

• present stem imperfect infix passive endings

laudabar monebar ducebar faciebar inveniebar
laudabaris monebaris ducebaris faciebaris inveniebaris
laudabatur monebatur ducebatur faciebatur inveniebatur
laudabamur monebamur ducebamur faciebamur inveniebamur
laudabamini monebamini ducebamini faciebamini inveniebamini
laudabantur monebantur ducebantur faciebantur inveniebantur
10
Future of 1st and 2nd Conjugations
present stem bo/bi/bu passive endings

• amabor monebor
• amaberis moneberis
• amabitur monebitur
• amabimur monebimur
• amabimini monebimini
• amabuntur monebuntur

NB alternate 2nd Sg amabere and monebere
11
Future of 3rd and 4th Conjugations
uses the same vowel changes as we learned for the
active, but with the passive endings
duca facia invenia duce facie invenie duce
facie invenie duce facie invenie duce f
acie invenie duce facie invenie

• ducar faciar inveniar
• duceris facieris invenieris
• ducetur facietur invenietur
• ducemur faciemur inveniemur
• ducemini faciemini inveniemini
• ducentur facientur invenientur

ducar faciar inveniar duceris facieris invenie
ris ducetur facietur invenietur ducemur faciemu
r inveniemur ducemini faciemini inveniemini duc
entur facientur invenientur
12
Infinitives

• The infinitive we learned in chapter 1 is the
  present active infinitive.
• ex amare to love
• Now well learn how to form the present passive
  infinitive.

13
Infinitives

• For conjugations 1, 2, and 4, just change the
  final e of the active infinitive into i.
• For the third conjugation (including 3rd io),
  change the whole ere into i.

amare ? amari
monere ? moneri
ducere ? duci
invenire ? inveniri
amare ? amari
monere ? moneri
ducere ? duci
invenire ? inveniri
amare ? amari
monere ? moneri
ducere ? duci
invenire ? inveniri
amare ? amari
monere ? moneri
ducere ? duci
invenire ? inveniri
amare ? amari
monere ? moneri
ducere ? duci
invenire ? inveniri
14
Agent
The person by whom the action of a passive verb
is performed is indicated by using a or ab with
the ablative case. We ingeniously call this the
ablative of agent. If the performer of the verb
not a person, the means by which it is done is
indicated using the ablative of means (Ch 14).
Puer a patre necatur.
Puer tempestate necatur.
15

• Puer librum legit.
• Liber a puero legitur.