Inquiring minds want to know ...

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Intro to Particle and Nuclear Physics and the
Long Island Gold Rush
Steven Manly Univ. of Rochester REU seminar June
1, 2006 steven.manly_at_rochester.edu
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Inquiring minds want to know ...
Yo! What holds it together?
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Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (near
Chicago)
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CDF
Minos
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Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
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Event display from the SLD experiment at SLAC
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What forces exist in nature?
What is a force?
How do they interact?
How do forces change with energy or temperature?
How has the universe evolved?
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leptons
quarks
Gauge bosons
u c t d s b
e ? ? ?e ?? ??
e
W, Z, g, ? G
?
g
Strong interaction
Hadrons
Baryons qqq
p uud n udd
nuclei
atoms
Electromagnetic interaction
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Mini-Ph.D. Quantum Mechanics 101
Lesson 1
Size actually does matter.
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Determine the postion and velocity of a car no
problem
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Determine the postion and velocity of a small
particle no problem
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Problem! Heisenberg uncertainty principle
Cannot have perfect knowledge of both the
position and velocity
Heisenberg
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The fundamental nature of forces virtual
particles
?E?t ? h Heisenberg
E mc2 Einstein
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The Vacuum
ee-
ee-
ee-
ee-
ee-
-R. Kolb
Much ado about NOTHING Nothing is
something Nothing has energy Nothing interacts
with something
ee-
ee-
ee-
ee-
ee-
ee-
ee-
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A contribution to mass at the quantum level
Strongly interacting particles interact with the
vacuum condensate which can make them much
heavier than the constituent quark masses.
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-MSSL astrophysics group
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BANG!
TIME
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Very hot, dense primordial soup of fundamental
particles
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At 0.000001 second after bang, protons and
neutrons form
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At 3 minutes, light nuclei form
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At 300,000 years, t 3000 degrees, atoms form
and light streams freely
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t13 billion years, Brittney Spears gets married
again
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Quantum Chromodynamics QCD
relative strength
asymptotic freedom
Similar to QED except the gauge field carries
the charge
distance
energy density, temperature
quark
Strong color field Energy grows with separation
!!!
white ?0 (confined quarks)
Emc2 !
white proton (confined quarks)
white proton
Thanks to Mike Lisa (OSU) for parts of this
animation
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ee- collisions
Heavy ion collisions
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Relativistic heavy ions at Brookhaven National
Laboratory
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Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC)
1 km
v 0.99995?c 186,000 miles/sec
Thanks to M. Lisa for parts of this slide
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One collision seen by STAR TPC
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The PHOBOS Detector
Spectrometer
Time of Flight
Vertex
1m
Octagon
Paddle Trigger Counter
Ring Counters
Cerenkov Counter
137000 Silicon Pad Channels
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Collision region is football shaped
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Elliptic flow
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Flow quantified
dN/d(f -YR ) N0 (1 2V1cos (f-YR) 2V2cos
(2(f-YR) ... )
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Elliptic Flow at 130 GeV
Phys. Rev. Lett. 89 222301 (2002)
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Flow vs Pt and ?

• Hydro describes low pt vs. particle mass, fails
  at high pt and high-?

(consider velocity and early, self-quenching
asymmetry)
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Places to learn moreParticle and nuclear
physics links
http//pdg.lbl.gov http//particleadventure.org
http//www.slac.stanford.edu/gen/edu/aboutslac.ht
ml http//www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/sciindex.html
http//www.bnl.gov/rhic/ http//public.web.cern.
ch/public/ http//www.fnal.gov/
http//www.er.doe.gov/production/henp/np/index.ht
ml http//www.science.doe.gov/hep/index.shtm