Poultry Nutrition and Feed Ingredients What and Why

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Poultry Nutrition and Feed IngredientsWhat and
Why

• Dr. Park Waldroup
• Novus International Distinguished Professor

NCIFAP Feb. 12-13, 2007 Fayetteville AR
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Nutrient requirements of chickens are well known

• Easy animal to study
• Small numbers needed
• Fast growth rate and short life span
• Close relationship between poultry scientists and
  the poultry industry has meant rapid transfer of
  knowledge

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Transfer of research results to industry
implementation has been extremely rapid in the
poultry industry
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Basic Approach to Feed Formulation

• Establish nutrient specifications to be met
• Determine ingredients available for use
• Establish limitations on ingredient usage
• Quantity available
• Physical factors
• Antinutritive factors
• Blend ingredients under the limitations imposed
  to provide required nutrients for optimal
  economic performance

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Nutrient needs of poultry well known
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Complete vitamin mixes used
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Trace mineral mixes provide microminerals
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Many nutrients always present in adequate amounts
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Ten key nutrients must be considered
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Who sets the standards for poultry feeds?

• In many countries, feed is sold to farmers. In
  most of these countries a government agency sets
  minimum nutrient standards that are designed to
  protect the farmer and are usually much higher
  than the bird needs.
• In an integrated system feed is not sold and
  the company sets its own standards regarding
  nutrient level and ingredient quality.

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Variation in Nutrient Content of Broiler Starter
Diets Among 160 Poultry Complexes
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What do chickens need in their diet?

• Well balanced protein source.
• Grains, grain byproducts, and fat or oil for
  energy.
• A source of digestible phosphorus free from
  contaminants such as Fl or Va.
• Essential minerals such as Ca and Na along with
  many trace minerals.
• Essential vitamins from natural ingredients or
  from chemical synthesis.

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Relative energy value of major grains and grain
byproducts for poultry
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Cereal grain usage for various purposes (2002)
U.S. Cereal grain usage (2002)
Source Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook, ERS
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U.S. Corn used for ethanol production (millions
of bushels)
U.S. Ethanol Production (millions of gallons)
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Major Protein Sources for Poultry
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Processed feeds and quantity fed in U.S. (2002)
Source Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook, ERS
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Supplemental ingredients

• Inedible fats from rendering, vegetable oil
  processing, restaurants and fast-food chains
  provide high energy for diets.
• Pure amino acid supplements enable the reduction
  in crude protein in the diet by providing a more
  balanced protein.
• Methionine
• Lysine
• Threonine
• Tryptophan

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Typical U.S. Broiler Diet
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MAJOR FEED ADDITIVES

• Anticoccidial drugs
• Antibiotics for growth promotion
• Antibiotics for disease control
• Arsenicals for growth promotion and enhancement
  of anticoccidial drugs
• HORMONES ARE NOT FED!!!!!!!!!!!

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Feed Additive Usage in Poultry FeedsSurvey of
112 poultry complexes
Source Agri-Stats, November 2006
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Nutrition and the Environment

• Poultry industry characterized by large numbers
  of animals in a concentrated area.
• Much of the poultry production is located in
  areas with poor agronomic properties
• Results in excess nutrients in broiler excreta
  for land application

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Nutrition and the Environment

• Phosphorus excretion can be reduced by use of
  phytase enzymes and more closely adhering to
  minimum phosphorus needs. About 80-85 of US
  broiler diets use phytase
• Nitrogen excretion can be reduced by greater
  supplementation with synthetic amino acids and
  blending protein sources. This is not without
  cost and may reduce performance.
• Excretion of trace minerals such as Zn or Cu can
  be reduced by more costly organic forms of these
  minerals.

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Biofuel production may significantly impact
poultry feeding

• Increase in ethanol production will remove
  significant amount of corn from feed pool
• Residual DDGS have reduced energy value for
  broilers and poor protein quality
• Modifications to use more of the corn value for
  ethanol and biodiesel will further reduce DDGS
  value
• Increase in biodiesel will remove considerable
  amount of inedible fats
• Glycerine byproduct has energy value similar to
  corn but much less energy than do fats and oils

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